Book Image

Python Data Analysis - Third Edition

By : Avinash Navlani, Ivan Idris
5 (1)
Book Image

Python Data Analysis - Third Edition

5 (1)
By: Avinash Navlani, Ivan Idris

Overview of this book

Data analysis enables you to generate value from small and big data by discovering new patterns and trends, and Python is one of the most popular tools for analyzing a wide variety of data. With this book, you’ll get up and running using Python for data analysis by exploring the different phases and methodologies used in data analysis and learning how to use modern libraries from the Python ecosystem to create efficient data pipelines. Starting with the essential statistical and data analysis fundamentals using Python, you’ll perform complex data analysis and modeling, data manipulation, data cleaning, and data visualization using easy-to-follow examples. You’ll then understand how to conduct time series analysis and signal processing using ARMA models. As you advance, you’ll get to grips with smart processing and data analytics using machine learning algorithms such as regression, classification, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and clustering. In the concluding chapters, you’ll work on real-world examples to analyze textual and image data using natural language processing (NLP) and image analytics techniques, respectively. Finally, the book will demonstrate parallel computing using Dask. By the end of this data analysis book, you’ll be equipped with the skills you need to prepare data for analysis and create meaningful data visualizations for forecasting values from data.
Table of Contents (20 chapters)
1
Section 1: Foundation for Data Analysis
6
Section 2: Exploratory Data Analysis and Data Cleaning
11
Section 3: Deep Dive into Machine Learning
15
Section 4: NLP, Image Analytics, and Parallel Computing

Autocorrelation

Autocorrelation, or lagged correlation, is the correlation between a time series and its lagged series. It indicates the trend in the dataset. The autocorrelation formula can be defined as follows:

We can calculate the autocorrelation using the NumPy correlate() function to calculate the actual autocorrelation of sunspot cycles. We can also directly visualize the autocorrelation plot using the autocorrelation_plot() function. Let's compute the autocorrelation and visualize it:

# import needful libraries
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import statsmodels.api as sm
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Read the dataset
data = sm.datasets.sunspots.load_pandas().data

# Calculate autocorrelation using numpy
dy = data.SUNACTIVITY - np.mean(data.SUNACTIVITY)
dy_square = np.sum(dy ** 2)

# Cross-correlation
sun_correlated = np.correlate(dy, dy, mode='full')/dy_square
result = sun_correlated[int(len(sun_correlated)/2)...