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Kali Linux Web Penetration Testing Cookbook
Kali Linux Web Penetration Testing Cookbook

Kali Linux Web Penetration Testing Cookbook: Identify, exploit, and prevent web application vulnerabilities with Kali Linux 2018.x , Second Edition

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Profile Icon Gilberto Najera-Gutierrez
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Paperback Aug 2018 404 pages 2nd Edition
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Arrow left icon
Profile Icon Gilberto Najera-Gutierrez
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Paperback Aug 2018 404 pages 2nd Edition
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Kali Linux Web Penetration Testing Cookbook

Reconnaissance

In this chapter, we will cover:

  • Passive reconnaissance
  • Using Recon-ng to gather information
  • Scanning and identifying services with Nmap
  • Identifying web application firewalls
  • Identifying HTTPS encryption parameters
  • Using the browser's developer tools to analyze and alter basic behavior
  • Obtaining and modifying cookies
  • Taking advantage of robots.txt

Introduction

Every penetration test, be it for a network or a web application, has a workflow; it has a series of stages that should be completed in order to increase our chances of finding and exploiting every possible vulnerability affecting our targets, such as:

  • Reconnaissance
  • Enumeration
  • Exploitation
  • Maintaining access
  • Cleaning tracks

In a network penetration testing scenario, reconnaissance is the phase where testers must identify all the assets in the network, firewalls, and intrusion detection systems. They also gather the maximum information about the company, the network, and the employees.

In our case, for a web application penetration test, this stage will be all about getting to know the application, the database, the users, the server, and the relationship between the application and us.

Reconnaissance is an essential stage in every penetration test; the more information...

Passive reconnaissance

Passive reconnaissance is something we do without directly interacting with our target, that is, we gather information about it from third parties such as search engines, cache databases, reputation monitoring sites, and many others.

In this recipe, we will be requesting information from multiple online services, also referred to as open source intelligence (OSINT), in order to build a general picture of our target and discover information that is useful from a penetration testing perspective, in the scenario that we are testing a publicly available site or application.

Getting ready

Given that in this recipe, we will request information from multiple public sources, we will need for our Kali virtual...

Using Recon-ng to gather information

Recon-ng is an information-gathering tool that uses many different sources to gather data, for example, on Google, Twitter, and Shodan.

In this recipe, we will learn the basics of Recon-ng and use it to gather public information about our target.

Getting ready

Although Recon-ng is ready to use as installed in Kali Linux, some of its modules require an API key to make queries to the online services. Also, having an API key will allow you to perform more advanced searches or avoid query limits in some services.

These keys can be generated by completing the registration on each search engine's website.

...

Scanning and identifying services with Nmap

Nmap is probably the most used port scanner in the world. It can be used to identify live hosts, scan TCP and UDP open ports, detect firewalls, get versions of services running in remote hosts, and even, with the use of scripts, find and exploit vulnerabilities.

In this recipe, we will use Nmap to identify all the services running on our target application's server and their versions. For learning purposes, we will do this in several calls to Nmap, but it can be done using a single command.

Getting ready

All we need is to have our vulnerable vm_1 running.

How to do it...

...

Identifying web application firewalls

A web application firewall (WAF) is a device or a piece of software that checks packages
sent to a web server in order to identify and block those that might be malicious, usually based on signatures or regular expressions.

We can end up dealing with a lot of problems in our penetration test if an undetected WAF blocks our requests or bans our IP address. When performing a penetration test, the reconnaissance phase must include the detection and identification of a WAF, intrusion detection system (IDS), or an intrusion prevention system (IPS). This is required in order to take the necessary measures to prevent being blocked or banned by these protection devices.

In this recipe, we will use different methods, along with the tools included in Kali Linux, to detect and identify the presence of a web application firewall between our target and...

Identifying HTTPS encryption parameters

We are, at a certain level, used to assuming that when a connection uses HTTPS with SSL or TLS encryption, it is secured and any attacker that intercepts it will only receive a series of meaningless numbers. Well, this may not be absolutely true; the HTTPS servers need to be correctly configured to provide a strong layer of encryption and to protect users from man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks or cryptanalysis. A number of vulnerabilities in the implementation and design of the SSL protocol have been discovered and its successor, TLS, has also been found to be vulnerable under certain configurations, thus making the testing of secure connections mandatory in any web application penetration test.

In this recipe, we will use tools such as Nmap, SSLScan, and TestSSL to analyze the configuration (from the client's perspective) of the server...

Using the browser's developer tools to analyze and alter basic behavior

Firebug is a browser add-on that allows us to analyze the inner components of a web page, such as table elements, CSS classes, and frames. It also has the ability to show us DOM objects, error codes, and request-response communication between the browser and server.

In the previous recipe, we saw how to look into a web page's HTML source code and found a hidden input field that established some default values for the maximum size of a file. In this recipe, we will see how to use the browser's debugging extensions, in this particular case, Firebug for Firefox, or OWASP Mantra.

How to do it...

With vm_1 running, go to your Kali VM and browse...

Obtaining and modifying cookies

Cookies are small pieces of information sent by a web server to the client (browser) to store some information locally, related to that specific user. In modern web applications, cookies are used to store user-specific data, such as color theme configuration, object arrangement preferences, previous activity, and (more importantly for us) the session identifiers.

In this recipe, we will use the browser's tools to see the cookies' values, how they are stored, and how to modify them.

Getting ready

Our vm_1 needs to be running. 192.168.56.11 will be used as the IP address for that machine and we will use Firefox as the web browser.

The Storage tab in Developer Tools may not be enabled...

Taking advantage of robots.txt

One step further into reconnaissance, we need to figure out if there is any page or directory in the site that is not linked to what is shown to the common user, for example, a login page to the intranet or to the Content Management Systems (CMS) administration. Finding a site similar to this will expand our testing surface considerably and give us some important clues about the application and its infrastructure.

In this recipe, we will use the robots.txt file to discover some files and directories that may not be linked to anywhere in the main application.

How to do it...

To illustrate how a penetration tester can take advantage of robots.txt, we will use vicnum, a vulnerable web application...

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Key benefits

  • Familiarize yourself with the most common web vulnerabilities
  • Conduct a preliminary assessment of attack surfaces and run exploits in your lab
  • Explore new tools in the Kali Linux ecosystem for web penetration testing

Description

Web applications are a huge point of attack for malicious hackers and a critical area for security professionals and penetration testers to lock down and secure. Kali Linux is a Linux-based penetration testing platform that provides a broad array of testing tools, many of which can be used to execute web penetration testing. Kali Linux Web Penetration Testing Cookbook gives you the skills you need to cover every stage of a penetration test – from gathering information about the system and application, to identifying vulnerabilities through manual testing. You will also cover the use of vulnerability scanners and look at basic and advanced exploitation techniques that may lead to a full system compromise. You will start by setting up a testing laboratory, exploring the latest features of tools included in Kali Linux and performing a wide range of tasks with OWASP ZAP, Burp Suite and other web proxies and security testing tools. As you make your way through the book, you will learn how to use automated scanners to find security ?aws in web applications and understand how to bypass basic security controls. In the concluding chapters, you will look at what you have learned in the context of the Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) and the top 10 web application vulnerabilities you are most likely to encounter, equipping you with the ability to combat them effectively. By the end of this book, you will have acquired the skills you need to identify, exploit, and prevent web application vulnerabilities.

Who is this book for?

Kali Linux Web Penetration Testing Cookbook is for IT professionals, web developers, security enthusiasts, and security professionals who want an accessible reference on how to find, exploit, and prevent security vulnerabilities in web applications. The basics of operating a Linux environment and prior exposure to security technologies and tools are necessary.

What you will learn

  • Set up a secure penetration testing laboratory
  • Use proxies, crawlers, and spiders to investigate an entire website
  • Identify cross-site scripting and client-side vulnerabilities
  • Exploit vulnerabilities that allow the insertion of code into web applications
  • Exploit vulnerabilities that require complex setups
  • Improve testing efficiency using automated vulnerability scanners
  • Learn how to circumvent security controls put in place to prevent attacks
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Table of Contents

11 Chapters
Setting Up Kali Linux and the Testing Lab Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Reconnaissance Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Using Proxies, Crawlers, and Spiders Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Testing Authentication and Session Management Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Cross-Site Scripting and Client-Side Attacks Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Exploiting Injection Vulnerabilities Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Exploiting Platform Vulnerabilities Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Using Automated Scanners Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Bypassing Basic Security Controls Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Mitigation of OWASP Top 10 Vulnerabilities Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Other Books You May Enjoy Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

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