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Mastering Mesos
Mastering Mesos

Mastering Mesos: The ultimate guide to managing, building, and deploying large-scale clusters with Apache Mesos

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Mastering Mesos

Chapter 2. Mesos Internals

This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of Mesos' features and walks the reader through several important topics regarding high availability, fault tolerance, scaling, and efficiency. Mentioned here are the topics we will cover in this chapter:

  • Scaling and efficiency
    • Resource allocation (the dominant resource fairness algorithm)
    • Reservation (static and dynamic)
    • Oversubscription
    • Extendibility
  • High availability and fault tolerance
    • Slave recovery
    • Reconciliation
    • Persistent volumes

Scaling and efficiency

Mesos aims to provide a highly scalable and efficient mechanism to enable various frameworks to share cluster resources effectively. Distributed applications are varied, can have different priorities in different contexts, and are continuously evolving, a fact that led Mesos' design philosophy towards providing for customizable resource allocation policies that users can define and set as per their requirements.

Resource allocation

The Mesos resource allocation module contains the policy that the Mesos master uses to determine the type and quantity of resource offers that need to be made to each framework. Organizations can customize it to implement their own allocation policy, for example, fair sharing, priority, and so on, which allow for fine-grained resource sharing. Custom allocation modules can be developed to address specific needs.

The resource allocation module is responsible for making sure that the resources are shared in a fair manner among competing...

Reservation

Mesos also provides the ability to reserve resources on specified slaves. This is particularly useful in ensuring that important services get guaranteed resource offers from a particular slave (for example, a database may need resource offers only from a particular slave, which contains the necessary data). In the absence of a reservation mechanism, there is the possibility that an important service or job may need to wait for a long time before it gets a resource offer satisfying its filter criteria, which would have a detrimental impact on performance.

On the other hand, misusing the reservation feature can lead to the same kind of problems, such as the resource underutilization that Mesos sought to resolve in the first place. Thus, it is necessary to use this judiciously. The Mesos access control mechanism makes sure that the framework requesting a reservation of resources has the appropriate authorization to do so.

Mesos provides two methods of resource reservations:

  1. Static...

Mesos modules

Mesos modules, introduced in v0.21.0, build on this concept to allow users to extend the functionality of Mesos through libraries that can be created as well as shared without continuous recompilation. A module in the context of Mesos is an entire component that can be added or replaced by any user. All external dependencies are treated as separate libraries that can be loaded on demand. All users can now develop their experimental features on top of Mesos without needing to understand all the detailed inner workings or impacting other users. Custom allocation logic, custom oversubscribed resource estimation algorithms, and many such use-case-specific customized functionalities can be implemented. Different subsystems, such as load balancers, isolation mechanisms, and service discovery mechanisms can also be configured in a modular way.

Module invocation

The --modules cli flag is available for the master and slave to provide a module list that needs to be made available.

The...

High availability and fault tolerance

High availability, in simple terms, means achieving very close to 100% system uptime by ensuring that there is no single point of failure. This is typically done by incorporating redundancy mechanisms, such as backup processes taking over instantly from the failed ones and so on.

Mastering high availability

In Mesos, this is achieved using Apache ZooKeeper, a centralized coordination service. Multiple masters are set up (one active leader and other backups), with ZooKeeper coordinating the leader election and handling lead master detection by other Mesos components such as slaves and frameworks.

A minimum of three master nodes are required to maintain a quorum for a high availability setting. The recommendation for production systems is however, at least five. The leader election process is described in detail at http://zookeeper.apache.org/doc/trunk/recipes.html#sc_leaderElection.

The state of a failed master can be recreated on whichever master gets elected...

Reconciliation

Mesos implements an actor-style message passing programming model to enable nonblocking communication between different Mesos components and leverages protocol buffers for the same. For example, a scheduler needs to tell the executor to utilize a certain number of resources, an executor needs to provide status updates to the scheduler regarding the tasks that are being executed, and so on. Protocol buffers provide the required flexible message delivery mechanism to enable this communication by allowing developers to define custom formats and protocols, which can be used across different languages.

An at-most-once message delivery model is employed for this purpose except for certain messages, such as status updates, a lot of which follow the at-least-once delivery model by making use of acknowledgements. In case of failures, there is a high chance that messages between the master and slaves can get lost leading to state inconsistencies.

For instance, there are multiple scenarios...

Scaling and efficiency


Mesos aims to provide a highly scalable and efficient mechanism to enable various frameworks to share cluster resources effectively. Distributed applications are varied, can have different priorities in different contexts, and are continuously evolving, a fact that led Mesos' design philosophy towards providing for customizable resource allocation policies that users can define and set as per their requirements.

Resource allocation

The Mesos resource allocation module contains the policy that the Mesos master uses to determine the type and quantity of resource offers that need to be made to each framework. Organizations can customize it to implement their own allocation policy, for example, fair sharing, priority, and so on, which allow for fine-grained resource sharing. Custom allocation modules can be developed to address specific needs.

The resource allocation module is responsible for making sure that the resources are shared in a fair manner among competing frameworks...

Reservation


Mesos also provides the ability to reserve resources on specified slaves. This is particularly useful in ensuring that important services get guaranteed resource offers from a particular slave (for example, a database may need resource offers only from a particular slave, which contains the necessary data). In the absence of a reservation mechanism, there is the possibility that an important service or job may need to wait for a long time before it gets a resource offer satisfying its filter criteria, which would have a detrimental impact on performance.

On the other hand, misusing the reservation feature can lead to the same kind of problems, such as the resource underutilization that Mesos sought to resolve in the first place. Thus, it is necessary to use this judiciously. The Mesos access control mechanism makes sure that the framework requesting a reservation of resources has the appropriate authorization to do so.

Mesos provides two methods of resource reservations:

  1. Static...

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Key benefits

  • Master the architecture of Mesos and intelligently distribute your task across clusters of machines
  • Explore a wide range of tools and platforms that Mesos works with
  • This real-world comprehensive and robust tutorial will help you become an expert

Description

Apache Mesos is open source cluster management software that provides efficient resource isolations and resource sharing distributed applications or frameworks. This book will take you on a journey to enhance your knowledge from amateur to master level, showing you how to improve the efficiency, management, and development of Mesos clusters. The architecture is quite complex and this book will explore the difficulties and complexities of working with Mesos. We begin by introducing Mesos, explaining its architecture and functionality. Next, we provide a comprehensive overview of Mesos features and advanced topics such as high availability, fault tolerance, scaling, and efficiency. Furthermore, you will learn to set up multi-node Mesos clusters on private and public clouds. We will also introduce several Mesos-based scheduling and management frameworks or applications to enable the easy deployment, discovery, load balancing, and failure handling of long-running services. Next, you will find out how a Mesos cluster can be easily set up and monitored using the standard deployment and configuration management tools. This advanced guide will show you how to deploy important big data processing frameworks such as Hadoop, Spark, and Storm on Mesos and big data storage frameworks such as Cassandra, Elasticsearch, and Kafka.

Who is this book for?

The book aims to serve DevOps engineers and system administrators who are familiar with the basics of managing a Linux system and its tools

What you will learn

  • Understand the Mesos architecture
  • Manually spin up a Mesos cluster on a distributed infrastructure
  • Deploy a multi-node Mesos cluster using your favorite DevOps
  • See the nuts and bolts of scheduling, service discovery, failure handling, security, monitoring, and debugging in an enterprise-grade, production cluster deployment
  • Use Mesos to deploy big data frameworks, containerized applications, or even custom build your own applications effortlessly
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Table of Contents

10 Chapters
1. Introducing Mesos Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
2. Mesos Internals Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
3. Getting Started with Mesos Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
4. Service Scheduling and Management Frameworks Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
5. Mesos Cluster Deployment Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
6. Mesos Frameworks Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
7. Mesos Containerizers Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
8. Mesos Big Data Frameworks Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
9. Mesos Big Data Frameworks 2 Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Index Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

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Excellent book. Well explained
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This book is basically a collection of publicly available installation guides for various software.
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