The Observer pattern

Another important and fundamental pattern used in Node.js is the Observer pattern. Together with the Reactor pattern and callbacks, the Observer pattern is an absolute requirement for mastering the asynchronous world of Node.js.

The Observer pattern is the ideal solution for modeling the reactive nature of Node.js and a perfect complement for callbacks. Let's give a formal definition, as follows:

The Observer pattern defines an object (called subject) that can notify a set of observers (or listeners) when a change in its state occurs.

The main difference from the Callback pattern is that the subject can actually notify multiple observers, while a traditional CPS callback will usually propagate its result to only one listener, the callback.

The EventEmitter

In traditional object-oriented programming, the Observer pattern requires interfaces, concrete classes, and a hierarchy. In Node.js, all this becomes much...