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ReactJS by Example - Building Modern Web Applications with React

Chapter 1. Getting Started with React

Web development has seen a huge advent of Single Page Application (SPA) in the past couple of years. Early development was simple—reload a complete page to perform a change in the display or perform a user action. The problem with this was a huge round-trip time for the complete request to reach the web server and back to the client.

Then came AJAX, which sent a request to the server, and could update parts of the page without reloading the current page. Moving in the same direction, we saw the emergence of the SPAs.

Wrapping up the heavy frontend content and delivering it to the client browser just once, while maintaining a small channel for communication with the server based on any event; this is usually complemented by thin API on the web server.

The growth in such apps has been complemented by JavaScript libraries and frameworks such as Ext JS, KnockoutJS, BackboneJS, AngularJS, EmberJS, and more recently, React and Polymer.

Let's take a look at how React fits in this ecosystem and get introduced to it in this chapter.

In this chapter, we will cover the following topics:

What is React and why do we use React?
Data flows in the component
Component displays the view based on state of the component
Component defines display of the view, irrespective of data contained, thus reducing the dependency and complexity of state for display
User interactions may change state of component from handlers
Components are reused and re-rendered

What is React?

ReactJS tries to solve the problem from the View layer. It can very well be defined and used as the V in any of the MVC frameworks. It's not opinionated about how it should be used. It creates abstract representations of views. It breaks down parts of the view in the Components. These components encompass both the logic to handle the display of view and the view itself. It can contain data that it uses to render the state of the app.

To avoid complexity of interactions and subsequent render processing required, React does a full render of the application. It maintains a simple flow of work.

React is founded on the idea that DOM manipulation is an expensive operation and should be minimized. It also recognizes that optimizing DOM manipulation by hand will result in a lot of boilerplate code, which is error-prone, boring, and repetitive.

React solves this by giving the developer a virtual DOM to render to instead of the actual DOM. It finds difference between the real DOM and virtual DOM and conducts the minimum number of DOM operations required to achieve the new state.

React is also declarative. When the data changes, React conceptually hits the refresh button and knows to only update the changed parts.

This simple flow of data, coupled with dead simple display logic, makes development with ReactJS straightforward and simple to understand.

Who uses React? If you've used any of the services such as Facebook, Instagram, Netflix, Alibaba, Yahoo, E-Bay, Khan-Academy, AirBnB, Sony, and Atlassian, you've already come across and used React on the Web.

In just under a year, React has seen adoption from major Internet companies in their core products.

In its first-ever conference, React also announced the development of React Native. React Native allows the development of mobile applications using React. It transpiles React code to the native application code, such as Objective-C for iOS applications.

At the time of writing this, Facebook already uses React Native in its Groups and Ads Manager app.

In this book, we will be following a conversation between two developers, Mike and Shawn. Mike is a senior developer at Adequate Consulting and Shawn has just joined the company. Mike will be mentoring Shawn and conducting pair programming with him.

When Shawn meets Mike and ReactJS

It's a bright day at Adequate Consulting. Its' also Shawn's first day at the company. Shawn had joined Adequate to work on its amazing products and also because it uses and develops exciting new technologies.

After onboarding the company, Shelly, the CTO, introduced Shawn to Mike. Mike, a senior developer at Adequate, is a jolly man, who loves exploring new things.

"So Shawn, here's Mike", said Shelly. "He'll be mentoring you as well as pairing with you on development. We follow pair programming, so expect a lot of it with him. He's an excellent help."

With that, Shelly took leave.

"Hey Shawn!" Mike began, "are you all set to begin?"

"Yeah, all set! So what are we working on?"

"Well we are about to start working on an app using https://openlibrary.org/. Open Library is collection of the world's classic literature. It's an open, editable library catalog for all the books. It's an initiative under https://archive.org/ and lists free book titles. We need to build an app to display the most recent changes in the record by Open Library. You can call this the Activities page. Many people contribute to Open Library. We want to display the changes made by these users to the books, addition of new books, edits, and so on, as shown in the following screenshot:

"Oh nice! What are we using to build it?"

"Open Library provides us with a neat REST API that we can consume to fetch the data. We are just going to build a simple page that displays the fetched data and format it for display. I've been experimenting and using ReactJS for this. Have you used it before?"

"Nope. However, I have heard about it. Isn't it the one from Facebook and Instagram?"

"That's right. It's an amazing way to define our UI. As the app isn't going to have much of logic on the server or perform any display, it is an easy option to use it."

"As you've not used it before, let me provide you a quick introduction."

"Have you tried services such as JSBin and JSFiddle before?"

"No, but I have seen them."

"Cool. We'll be using one of these, therefore, we don't need anything set up on our machines to start with."

"Let's try on your machine", Mike instructed. "Fire up http://jsbin.com/?html,output"

"You should see something similar to the tabs and panes to code on and their output in adjacent pane."

"Go ahead and make sure that the HTML, JavaScript, and Output tabs are clicked and you can see three frames for them so that we are able to edit HTML and JS and see the corresponding output."

"That's nice."

"Yeah, good thing about this is that you don't need to perform any setups. Did you notice the Auto-run JS option? Make sure its selected. This option causes JSBin to reload our code and see its output so that we don't need to keep saying Run with JS to execute and see its output."

"Ok."

Building our first component

"So Shawn, we are all set to begin. Let's build our very first React App. Go ahead and add the following code to the JavaScript section of JSBin:"

var App = React.createClass({
  render: function(){
    return(React.createElement("div", null, "Welcome to Adequate, Mike!"));
  }
});

React.render(React.createElement(App), document.body);

"Here it is. You should see the output section of the page showing something similar to the following:"

   Welcome to Adequate, Mike!

"Nice Mike. I see that we are making use of this React object to create classes?"

"That's right. We are creating, what are called as Components in React."

"The entry point to the ReactJS library is the React object. Once the react.js library is included, it is made available to us in the global JavaScript namespace."

"React.createClass creates a component with the given specification. The component must implement the render method that returns a single child element as follows:"

var App = React.createClass({
  render: function(){
    return(React.createElement("div", null, "Welcome to Adequate, Mike!"));
  }
});

React will take care of calling the render method of the component to generate the HTML."

Note

Even if the render method needs to return a single child, that single child can have an arbitrarily deep structure to contain full-fledged HTML page parts.

"Here, we are making use of React.createElement to create our content. It's a singleton method that allows us to create a div element with the "Welcome to Adequate, Mike! contents. React.createElement creates a ReactElement, which is an internal representation of the DOM element used by React. We are passing null as the second argument. This is used to pass and specify attributes for the element. Right now, we are leaving it as blank to create a simple div."

"The type of ReactElement can be either a valid HTML tag name like span, div, h1 and so on or a component created by React.createClass itself."

"Once we are done creating the component, it can be displayed using the React.render method as follows:"

React.render(React.createElement(App), document.body);

"Here, a new ReactElement is created for the App component that we have created previously and it is then rendered into the HTML element—document.body. This is called the mountNode, or mount point for our component, and acts as the root node. Instead of passing document.body directly as a container for the component, any other DOM element can also be passed."

"Mike, go ahead and change the text passed to the div as Hello React World!. We should start seeing the change and it should look something similar to the following:"

Hello React World!

"Nice."

"Mike, while constructing the first component, we also got an overview of React's top-level API, that is, making use of React.createClass, React.createElement, and React.render."

"Now, the component that we just built to display this hello message is pretty simple and straightforward. However, the syntax can get challenging and it keeps growing when building complex things. Here's where JSX comes in handy."

"JSX?"

"JSX is an XML-like syntax extension to ECMAScript without any defined semantics. It has a concise and familiar syntax with plain HTML and it's familiar for designers or non-programmers. It can also be used directly from our JavaScript file!"

"What? Isn't it bad?"

"Well, time to rethink the best practices. That's right, we will be bringing our view and its HTML in the JavaScript file!"

"Let's see how to start using it. Go ahead and change the contents of our JavaScript file as follows:"

var App = React.createClass({
  render: function(){
    return <div>
     Hello, from Shawn!
    </div>;
  }
});

React.render(React.createElement(App), document.body);

"As you can see, what we did here was that instead of using createElement, we directly wrote the div tag. This is very similar to writing HTML markup directly. It also works right out of the JavaScript file."

"Mike, the code is throwing some errors on JSBin."

"Oh, right. We need to make use of the JSX transformer library so that React and the browser can understand the syntax. In our case, we need to change the type of JavaScript, which we are using, to be used to interpret this code. What we need to do is change from JavaScript to JSX (React), from the dropdown on the JavaScript frame header, as follows:"

"That should do it."

"Looks good, Mike. It's working."

"Now you will see something similar to the following:"

Hello, from Shawn!

Back to work

"That's good to start, Shawn. Let's move back to the task of building our app using Open Library's Recent changes API now. We already have a basic prototype ready without using ReactJS."

"We will be slowly replacing parts of it using ReactJS."

"This is how the information is displayed right now, using server-side logic, as follows:"

"First task that we have is to display the information retrieved from the Open Library Recent Changes API in a table using ReactJS similar to how it's displayed right now using server-side."

"We will be fetching the data from the Open Library API similar to the following:"

var data = [{ "when": "2 minutes ago",
              "who": "Jill Dupre",
              "description": "Created new account"
            },
            {
              "when": "1 hour ago",
              "who": "Lose White",
              "description": "Added fist chapter"
            },
            {
              "when": "2 hours ago",
              "who": "Jordan Whash",
              "description": "Created new account"
            }];

"Let's use this to prototype our app for now. Before that, let's take a look at the simple HTML version of this app. In our React.render method, we start returning a table element, as follows:"

var App = React.createClass({

  render: function(){
 return <table>
 <thead>
   <th>When</th>
   <th>Who</th>
   <th>Description</th>
 </thead>  
   <tr>
     <td>2 minutes ago</td>
     <td>Jill Dupre</td>
     <td>Created new account</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td>1 hour ago</td>
     <td>Lose White</td>
     <td>Added fist chapter</td>
   </tr>  
   <tr>
     <td>2 hours ago</td>
     <td>Jordan Whash</td>
     <td>Created new account</td>
   </tr>  
 </table>
  }
});

"This should start displaying our table with three rows. Now, go ahead and add a heading at top of this table from the React App, as follows:"

…
return <h1>Recent Changes</h1>
           <table>
          ….
          </table>
…

"There, something like that?" asked Shawn. "Oh, that didn't work."

"That's because React expends our render method to always return a single HTML element. In this case, after you added the h1 heading, our app started returning two elements, which is wrong. There'll be many cases when you will come across this. To avoid this, just wrap the elements in a div or span tag. The main idea is that we just want to return a single element from the render method."

"Got it. Something like this?"

…
return <div>
         <h1>Recent Changes</h1>
           <table>
          ….
          </table>
         </div>
…

Displaying static data

"Awesome! Looks good. Now, let's change our table that is displaying static information, to start fetching and displaying this information in the rows from the JSON data that we had before."

"We'll define this data in the render method itself and see how we would be using it to create our table. We'll basically just be looping over the data and creating elements, that is, table rows in our case, for the individual data set of events. Something like this:"

…
  var data = [{ "when": "2 minutes ago",
              "who": "Jill Dupre",
              "description": "Created new account"
            },
            {
              "when": "1 hour ago",
              "who": "Lose White",
              "description": "Added fist chapter"
            },
            {
              "when": "2 hours ago",
              "who": "Jordan Whash",
              "description": "Created new account"
            }];

  var rows = data.map(function(row){
  return  <tr>
     <td>{row.when}</td>
     <td>{row.who}</td>
     <td>{row.description}</td>
   </tr>
  });
…

"Notice how we are using {} here. {} is used in JSX to embed dynamic information in our view template. We can use it to embed the JavaScript objects in our views, for example, the name of a person or heading of this table. As you can see, what we are doing here is using the map function to loop over the dataset that we have. Then, we are returning a table row, constructed from the information available from the row object – the details about when the event was created, who created it and event description."

"We are using JSX syntax here to construct the rows of table. However, it is not used as the final return value from render function."

"That's correct, Shawn. React with JSX allows us to arbitrarily create elements to be used in our views, in our case, creating it dynamically from the dataset that we have. The rows variable now contains a part of view that we had used at a different place. We can also build another component of the view on top of it."

"That's the beauty of it. React allows us to dynamically create, use, and reuse the parts of views. This is helpful to build our views, part by part, in a systematic way."

"Now, after we are done with building our rows, we can use them in our final render call."

"So now, the return statement will look something similar to the following:"

…
 return <table>
 <thead>
   <th>When</th>
   <th>Who</th>
   <th>Description</th>
 </thead>  
{rows} 
 </table>
…

"Here's how the complete render method now looks after building up rows with static data:"

  render: function(){
  var data = [{ "when": "2 minutes ago",
              "who": "Jill Dupre",
              "description": "Created new account"
            },
            {
              "when": "1 hour ago",
              "who": "Lose White",
              "description": "Added fist chapter"
            },
            {
              "when": "2 hours ago",
              "who": "Jordan Whash",
              "description": "Created new account"
            }];

  var rows = data.map(function(row){
  return  <tr>
     <td>{row.when}</td>
     <td>{row.who}</td>
     <td>{row.description}</td>
   </tr>
  })
 return <table>
 <thead>
   <th>When</th>
   <th>Who</th>
   <th>Description</th>
 </thead>
{rows}
</table>}

"That's starting to look like where we want to reach."

Passing data to components

"Do we define our data and everything else in the render method?"

"I was just getting to that. Our component should not contain this information. The information should be passed as a parameter to it."

"React allows us to pass the JavaScript objects to components. These objects would be passed when we call the React.render method and create an instance of the <App> component. The following is how we can pass objects to it:"

React.render(<App title='Recent  Changes'/>, document.body);

"Notice how are using the <App/> syntax here, instead of createElement. As I mentioned previously, we can create elements from our components and represent them using JSX as done earlier."

React.render(React.createElement(App), document.body)

"The preceding code becomes the following:"

React.render(<App/>, document.body)

"That looks even more cleaner", said Shawn.

"As you can see, we are passing the title for our table as the title parameter, followed by the contents of the title. React makes this data passed to the component as something called props. The props, short for properties, are a component's configuration options that are passed to the component when initializing it."

"These props are just plain JavaScript objects. They are made accessible to us within our component via the this.props method. Let's try accessing this from the render method, as follows:"

…
  render: function(){
   console.log(this.props.title);
  }
…

"That should start logging the title that we passed to the component to the console."

"Now, let's try to abstract the headings as well as the JSON data out of the render method and start passing them to the component, as follows:"

       var data = [{ "when": "2 minutes ago",
                           "who": "Jill Dupre",
                           "description": "Created new account"
                         },
                         ….
                        }];  
var headings = ['When', 'Who', 'Description']
<App headings = {headings} data = {data} />

"There. We pulled the data out of the render method and are now passing it to our component."

"We defined the dynamic headers for our table that we will start using in the component."

"Here the curly braces, used to pass the parameters to our component, are used to specify the JavaScript expressions that will be evaluated and then used as attribute values."

"For example, the preceding JSX code will get translated into JavaScript by React, as follows:"

React.createElement(App, { headings: headings, data: data });

"We will revisit props later. However, right now, let's move on to complete our component."

"Now, using the passed data and headings via props, we need to generate the table structure in the app's render method."

"Let's generate the headings first, as follows:"

var App = React.createClass({

  render: function(){
      var headings = this.props.headings.map(function(heading) {
          return(<th>
                 {heading}
                 </th>);
      });
  }
});

"Notice, how we are using this.props.headings to access the passed information about headings. Now let's create rows of the table similar to what we were doing earlier:"

var App = React.createClass({

  render: function(){
      var headings = this.props.headings.map(function(heading) {
          return(<th>
                 {heading}
                 </th>);
      });

      var rows = this.props.data.map(function(change) {
          return(<tr>
                   <td> { change.when } </td>
                   <td> { change.who } </td>
                   <td> { change.description } </td>
                 </tr>);
      });
  }
});

"Finally, let's put the headings and rows together in our table."

var App = React.createClass({

  render: function(){
      var headings = this.props.headings.map(function(heading) {
          return(<th>
                 {heading}
                 </th>);
      });

      var rows = this.props.data.map(function(change) {
          return(<tr>
                   <td> {change.when} </td>
                   <td> {change.who} </td>
                   <td> {change.description} </td>
                 </tr>);
      });

      return(<table>
               {headings}
               {rows}
             </table>);
  }
});

React.render(<App headings = {headings} data = {data} />,
                      document.body);

"The table is now displayed with the passed dynamic headers and JSON data."

"The headings can be changed to ["Last change at", "By Author", "Summary"] and the table in our view will get updated automatically."

"Alright, Shawn, go ahead and add a title to our table. Make sure to pass it from the props."

"Ok," said Shawn.

"Now, the render method will be changed to the following:"

…
 return <div>
               <h1>
                 {this.props.title}
               </h1>
               <table>
                 <thead>
                   {headings}
                 </thead>  
                 {rows} 
                </table>
            </div>
…

"While the call to React.render will change to the following:"

var title =  'Recent Changes';
React.render(<App headings={headings} data={data} title={title}/>, document.body);

"Awesome. You are starting to get a hang of it. Let's see how this looks in completion shall we?"

var App = React.createClass({
  render: function(){
      var headings = this.props.headings.map(function(heading) {
          return(<th>
                 {heading}
                 </th>);
      });

  var rows = this.props.data.map(function(row){
  return  <tr>
     <td>{row.when}</td>
     <td>{row.who}</td>
     <td>{row.description}</td>
   </tr>

  })
 return <div><h1>{this.props.title}</h1><table>
 <thead>
{headings}
 </thead>  
{rows} 
 </table></div>
  }
});
  var data = [{ "when": "2 minutes ago",
              "who": "Jill Dupre",
              "description": "Created new account"
            },
            {
              "when": "1 hour ago",
              "who": "Lose White",
              "description": "Added fist chapter"
            },
            {
              "when": "2 hours ago",
              "who": "Jordan Whash",
              "description": "Created new account"
            }];

var headings = ["Last updated at", "By Author", "Summary"]
var title = "Recent Changes";
React.render(<App headings={headings} data={data} title={title}/>, document.body);

"We should again start seeing something as follows:"

"Here we have it, Shawn. Our very first component using React!", said Mike.

"This looks amazing. I can't wait to try out more things in React!", exclaimed Shawn.

Key benefits

Create pragmatic real-world applications while learning React and its modern developer tools

Build sustainable user interfaces by transforming data into components of UI

Learn how to generate reusable ReactJS components effectively

Description

ReactJS is an open-source JavaScript library that brings the power of reactive programming to web applications and sites. It aims to address the challenges encountered in developing single-page applications, and is intended to help developers build large, easily scalable and changing web apps. Starting with a project on Open Library API, you will be introduced to React and JSX before moving on to learning about the life cycle of a React component. In the second project, building a multi-step wizard form, you will learn about composite dynamic components and perform DOM actions. You will also learn about building a fast search engine by exploring server-side rendering in the third project on a search engine application. Next, you will build a simple frontpage for an e-commerce app in the fourth project by using data models and React add-ons. In the final project you will develop a complete social media tracker by using the flux way of defining React apps and know about the best practices and use cases with the help of ES6 and redux. By the end of this book, you will not only have a good understanding of ReactJS but will also have built your very own responsive frontend applications from scratch.

What you will learn

Create, reuse, and compose React components using JSX

Share data between various React components and techniques for data flow within a React app

Handle user interactions with the help of event handlers and dynamic components

Set up and use various next generation ES2015/ES6 features with React

Understand the performance and immutability features of React using React add-ons

Learn the techniques of Animation in React

Use data stores to store model-related data and information

Create a flux-based React application by using Reflux library

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Amazon verified reviews

Mazahar May 03, 2017

Nice book

Amazon Verified review

Amazon Customer May 10, 2016

This is one of the great book to kickstart on React. Provide the basics of React and bring you to next level of knowledge of modern web applications. I would strong recommend to read this book.

MigoFast Aug 21, 2016

I kind of figured after reading this book if I looked at the reviews folks would not like the 'pair programming' style - at first I thought it was a bit weird and novelty - but kept an open mind and actually found it somewhat natural and enjoyable and kind of a fun approachable way to read the 'same old' technical book.

Armando Padilla Jun 05, 2016

Great read so far. Love the authors approach to telling a story along with building a nice app. The book quickly ramps up and gets you going in building out a react application. So why 3 stars? Chapter 4 you will get lost. After page 65 there is no way to get the application running. The author does mentioned what files should be present and even the structure but nothing stating what should be in the required files to actually start the server. To get around this download the chapter 4 code from the book's site.

hysterio Jul 21, 2016

The entire book is written as a conversation between two developers, one takes the role of the mentor (Mike) the other stands in for the reader as the learner (Shawn). However, nowhere does the book actually call out who is speaking and the character’s voices don’t differ enough to actually tell them apart just by reading what they are saying. This means you can’t devote your entire attention to learning React as you must track which developer is saying what to understand the situation.The conversation nature also makes it difficult to skim the text to find important pieces of information or steps in a process as these steps are hidden in dense conversational text. The book also frequently fails to clearly call out where the code is being used by providing a file path or file title anywhere in relation to the code. Meaning this book is pretty much worthless as a reference.

ReactJS by Example - Building Modern Web Applications with React: Building Modern Web Applications with React

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ReactJS by Example - Building Modern Web Applications with React

Chapter 1. Getting Started with React

What is React?

When Shawn meets Mike and ReactJS

Requiring React library

Building our first component

Note

Back to work

Displaying static data

Passing data to components

Summary

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