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Home > Web Development > REST API > Hands-On RESTful Python Web Services
Hands-On RESTful Python Web Services
Hands-On RESTful Python Web Services

Hands-On RESTful Python Web Services: Develop RESTful web services or APIs with modern Python 3.7 , Second Edition

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Hands-On RESTful Python Web Services

Working with Models, SQLAlchemy, and Hyperlinked APIs in Flask

In this chapter, we will expand the capabilities of the RESTful API that we started in the previous chapter. We will use SQLAlchemy as our ORM to work with a PostgreSQL database, and we will take advantage of advanced features included in Flask and Flask-RESTful that will allow us to easily organize code for complex APIs, such as models and blueprints.

We will go through the following topics in this chapter:

  • Design a RESTful API to interact with a PostgreSQL 10.5 database
  • Understand the tasks performed by each HTTP method
  • Install packages with the requirements.txt file to simplify our common tasks
  • Create the database
  • Configure the database
  • Write code for the models with their relationships
  • Use schemas to validate, serialize, and deserialize models
  • Combine blueprints with resourceful routing
  • Understand and configure...

Designing a RESTful API to interact with a PostgreSQL 10.5 database

So far, our RESTful API has performed CRUD operations on a simple in-memory dictionary that acted as a data repository. The dictionary is never persisted and, therefore, the data is lost whenever we restart our Flask development server.

Now, we want to create a more complex RESTful API with Flask RESTful to interact with a database model that allows us to work with notifications that are grouped into notification categories. In our previous RESTful API, we used a string attribute to specify the notification category for a notification. In this case, we want to be able to easily retrieve all the notifications that belong to a specific notification category and, therefore, we will have a relationship between a notification and a notification category.

We must be able to perform CRUD operations on different related...

Understanding the tasks performed by each HTTP method

The following table shows the HTTP verbs, the scope, and the semantics for the methods that our new API must support. Each method is composed by an HTTP verb and a scope, and all the methods have well-defined meanings for all the resources and collections:

HTTP verb

Scope

Semantics

GET

Collection of notification categories

Retrieve all the stored notification categories in the collection, sorted by their name in ascending order. Each notification category must include the full URL for the resource. In addition, each notification category must include a list containing all the details of the notifications that belong to the category. The notifications don't have to include the notification category in order to avoid repeating data.

GET

Notification category

Retrieve a single notification category...

Installing packages with the requirements.txt file to simplify our common tasks

Make sure you quit Flask's development server. You just need to press Ctrl + C in the Terminal or Command Prompt window in which it is running.

Now, we will install a number of additional packages. Make sure you have activated the virtual environment we created in the previous chapter and named Flask01. After you activate the virtual environment, it is time to run numerous commands, which will be the same for either macOS, Linux, or Windows.

Now, we will edit the existing requirements.txt file to specify the additional set of packages that our application requires to be installed in any supported platform. This way, it will be extremely easy to repeat the installation of the specified packages with their versions in any new virtual environment.

Use your favorite editor to edit the existing text...

Creating the database

Now, we will create the PostgreSQL 10.5 database that we will use as a repository for our API. You will have to download and install a PostgreSQL database server if you aren't already running it in your computer or on a development server. You can download and install this database management system from its web page (http://www.postgresql.org). If you are working with macOS, Postgres.app provides a really easy way to install and use PostgreSQL on this operating system. You can refer to it from http://postgresapp.com. If you are working with Windows, EnterpriseDB and BigSQL provide graphics installers that simplify the configuration process on modern Windows server or desktop versions (visit https://www.postgresql.org/download/windows for more information).

Notice that the examples have been tested with PostgreSQL 10.5 on macOS, Linux, and Windows.

...

Configuring the database

If you are using the same virtual environment we have created for the previous example, or you downloaded the code sample, the service folder already exists. If you created a new virtual environment, create a folder named service within the root folder for the  virtual environment created.

Create a new config.py file within the service folder. The following lines show the code that declares variables that determine the configuration for Flask and SQLAlchemy. The SQL_ALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI variable generates an SQLAlchemy URI for the PostgreSQL database. Make sure you specify the desired database name in the value for DB_NAME and that you configure the user, password, host, and port based on your PostgreSQL configuration. If you followed the previous steps, use the settings specified in these steps. The code file for the sample is included in the restful_python_2_02_01...

Creating models with their relationships

Now, we will create the models that we will use to represent and persist the notification categories, notifications, and their relationships in the PostgreSQL database.

Open the service/models.py file and replace its contents with the following code. The lines that declare fields related to other models are highlighted in the code listing. If you created a new virtual environment, create a new models.py file within the service folder. The code file for the sample is included in the restful_python_2_02_01 folder, in the Flask01/service/models.py file:

from marshmallow import Schema, fields, pre_load 
from marshmallow import validate 
from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy 
from flask_marshmallow import Marshmallow 
 
 
orm = SQLAlchemy() 
ma = Marshmallow() 
 
 
class ResourceAddUpdateDelete():    
    def add(self, resource): 
       ...

Creating schemas to validate, serialize, and deserialize models

Now, we will create the Flask-Marshmallow schemas that we will use to validate, serialize, and deserialize the previously declared NotificationCategory and Notification models, and their relationships.

Open the models.py file within the service folder and add the following code after the last line. The lines that declare fields related to other schemas are highlighted in the code listing. The code file for the sample is included in the restful_python_2_02_01 folder, in the Flask01/service/models.py file:

class NotificationCategorySchema(ma.Schema): 
    id = fields.Integer(dump_only=True) 
    # Minimum length = 3 characters 
    name = fields.String(required=True,  
        validate=validate.Length(3)) 
    url = ma.URLFor('service.notificationcategoryresource',  
        id='<id>',  
 ...

Combining blueprints with resourceful routing

Now, we will create the resources that compose our main building blocks for the RESTful API. First, we will create a few instances that we will use in the different resources. Create a new views.py file within the services folder and add the following lines. Notice that the code imports the HttpStatus enum declared in the http_status.py module that we created in the previous chapter. The code file for the sample is included in the restful_python_2_02_01 folder, in the Flask01/service/views.py file:

from flask import Blueprint, request, jsonify, make_response 
from flask_restful import Api, Resource 
from http_status import HttpStatus 
from models import orm, NotificationCategory, NotificationCategorySchema, Notification, NotificationSchema 
from sqlalchemy.exc import SQLAlchemyError 
 
 
service_blueprint = Blueprint('service...

Understanding and configuring resourceful routing

The following table shows the method of our previously created classes that we want to be executed for each combination of HTTP verb and scope:

HTTP verb

Scope

Class and method

GET

Collection of notifications

NotificationListResource.get

GET

Notification

NotificationResource.get

POST

Collection of notifications

NotificationListResource.post

PATCH

Notification

NotificationResource.patch

DELETE

Notification

NotificationResource.delete

GET

Collection of notification categories

NotificationCategoryListResource.get

GET

Notification category

NotificationCategoryResource.get

POST

Collection of notification categories

NotificationCategoryListResource.post

PATCH

Notification category

NotificationCategoryResource.patch

DELETE

Notification category

NotificationCategoryResource...

Designing a RESTful API to interact with a PostgreSQL 10.5 database

So far, our RESTful API has performed CRUD operations on a simple in-memory dictionary that acted as a data repository. The dictionary is never persisted and, therefore, the data is lost whenever we restart our Flask development server.

Now, we want to create a more complex RESTful API with Flask RESTful to interact with a database model that allows us to work with notifications that are grouped into notification categories. In our previous RESTful API, we used a string attribute to specify the notification category for a notification. In this case, we want to be able to easily retrieve all the notifications that belong to a specific notification category and, therefore, we will have a relationship between a notification and a notification category.

We must be able to perform CRUD operations on different related resources and resource collections. The following table enumerates the resources and the class name that we will...

Understanding the tasks performed by each HTTP method

The following table shows the HTTP verbs, the scope, and the semantics for the methods that our new API must support. Each method is composed by an HTTP verb and a scope, and all the methods have well-defined meanings for all the resources and collections:

HTTP verb

Scope

Semantics

GET

Collection of notification categories

Retrieve all the stored notification categories in the collection, sorted by their name in ascending order. Each notification category must include the full URL for the resource. In addition, each notification category must include a list containing all the details of the notifications that belong to the category. The notifications don't have to include the notification category in order to avoid repeating data.

GET

Notification category

Retrieve a single notification category. The notification category must include the same information explained for each category when we retrieve a collection of notification categories.

POST...

Installing packages with the requirements.txt file to simplify our common tasks

Make sure you quit Flask's development server. You just need to press Ctrl + C in the Terminal or Command Prompt window in which it is running.

Now, we will install a number of additional packages. Make sure you have activated the virtual environment we created in the previous chapter and named Flask01. After you activate the virtual environment, it is time to run numerous commands, which will be the same for either macOS, Linux, or Windows.

Now, we will edit the existing requirements.txt file to specify the additional set of packages that our application requires to be installed in any supported platform. This way, it will be extremely easy to repeat the installation of the specified packages with their versions in any new virtual environment.

Use your favorite editor to edit the existing text file named requirements.txt within the root folder for the virtual environment. Add the following lines after the last...

Creating the database

Now, we will create the PostgreSQL 10.5 database that we will use as a repository for our API. You will have to download and install a PostgreSQL database server if you aren't already running it in your computer or on a development server. You can download and install this database management system from its web page (http://www.postgresql.org). If you are working with macOS, Postgres.app provides a really easy way to install and use PostgreSQL on this operating system. You can refer to it from http://postgresapp.com. If you are working with Windows, EnterpriseDB and BigSQL provide graphics installers that simplify the configuration process on modern Windows server or desktop versions (visit https://www.postgresql.org/download/windows for more information).

Notice that the examples have been tested with PostgreSQL 10.5 on macOS, Linux, and Windows.

 

Note

You have to make sure that the PostgreSQL bin folder is included in the PATH environmental variable. You should be able...

Configuring the database

If you are using the same virtual environment we have created for the previous example, or you downloaded the code sample, the service folder already exists. If you created a new virtual environment, create a folder named service within the root folder for the  virtual environment created.

Create a new config.py file within the service folder. The following lines show the code that declares variables that determine the configuration for Flask and SQLAlchemy. The SQL_ALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI variable generates an SQLAlchemy URI for the PostgreSQL database. Make sure you specify the desired database name in the value for DB_NAME and that you configure the user, password, host, and port based on your PostgreSQL configuration. If you followed the previous steps, use the settings specified in these steps. The code file for the sample is included in the restful_python_2_02_01 folder, in the Flask01/service/config.py file:

import os 
 
basedir = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname...
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Key benefits

  • Combine Python with different data sources to build complex RESTful APIs from scratch
  • Configure and fine-tune your APIs using the best tools and techniques available
  • Use command-line and GUI tools to test CRUD operations performed by RESTful Web Services or APIs

Description

Python is the language of choice for millions of developers worldwide that builds great web services in RESTful architecture. This second edition of Hands-On RESTful Python Web Services will cover the best tools you can use to build engaging web services. This book shows you how to develop RESTful APIs using the most popular Python frameworks and all the necessary stacks with Python, combined with related libraries and tools. You’ll learn to incorporate all new features of Python 3.7, Flask 1.0.2, Django 2.1, Tornado 5.1, and also a new framework, Pyramid. As you advance through the chapters, you will get to grips with each of these frameworks to build various web services, and be shown use cases and best practices covering when to use a particular framework. You’ll then successfully develop RESTful APIs with all frameworks and understand how each framework processes HTTP requests and routes URLs. You’ll also discover best practices for validation, serialization, and deserialization. In the concluding chapters, you will take advantage of specific features available in certain frameworks such as integrated ORMs, built-in authorization and authentication, and work with asynchronous code. At the end of each framework, you will write tests for RESTful APIs and improve code coverage. By the end of the book, you will have gained a deep understanding of the stacks needed to build RESTful web services.

Who is this book for?

This book is for web developers who have a working knowledge of Python and would like to build amazing web services by taking advantage of the various frameworks of Python. You should have some knowledge of RESTful APIs.

What you will learn

  • Select the most appropriate framework based on requirements
  • Develop complex RESTful APIs from scratch using Python
  • Use requests handlers, URL patterns, serialization, and validations
  • Add authentication, authorization, and interaction with ORMs and databases
  • Debug, test, and improve RESTful APIs with four frameworks
  • Design RESTful APIs with frameworks and create automated tests
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Publication date : Dec 26, 2018
Length: 500 pages
Edition : 2nd
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781789532227
Category :
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Languages :
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Concepts :
REST API
Tools :
Combine

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Length: 500 pages
Edition : 2nd
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781789532227
Category :
Web Development
Languages :
Python
Concepts :
REST API
Tools :
Combine

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Table of Contents

13 Chapters
Developing RESTful APIs and Microservices with Flask 1.0.2 Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Developing RESTful APIs and Microservices with Flask 1.0.2
Designing a RESTful API to interact with a simple data source
Understanding the tasks performed by each HTTP method
Understanding microservices
Working with lightweight virtual environments
Setting up a virtual environment with Flask and Flask-RESTful
Declaring status codes for the responses with an enumerable
Creating the model
Using a dictionary as a repository
Configuring output fields
Working with resourceful routing on top of Flask pluggable views
Configuring resource routing and endpoints
Making HTTP requests to the Flask API
Test your knowledge
Summary
Working with Models, SQLAlchemy, and Hyperlinked APIs in Flask Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Working with Models, SQLAlchemy, and Hyperlinked APIs in Flask
Designing a RESTful API to interact with a PostgreSQL 10.5 database
Understanding the tasks performed by each HTTP method
Installing packages with the requirements.txt file to simplify our common tasks
Creating the database
Configuring the database
Creating models with their relationships
Creating schemas to validate, serialize, and deserialize models
Combining blueprints with resourceful routing
Understanding and configuring resourceful routing
Registering the blueprint and running migrations
Verifying the contents of the PostgreSQL database
Creating and retrieving related resources
Test your knowledge
Summary
Improving Our API and Adding Authentication to it with Flask Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Improving Our API and Adding Authentication to it with Flask
Improving unique constraints in the models
Understanding the differences between the PUT and the PATCH methods
Updating fields for a resource with the PATCH method
Coding a generic pagination class
Adding pagination features
Understanding the steps to add authentication and permissions
Adding a user model
Creating schemas to validate, serialize, and deserialize users
Adding authentication to resources
Creating resource classes to handle users
Running migrations to generate the user table
Composing requests with the necessary authentication
Test your knowledge
Summary
Testing and Deploying an API in a Microservice with Flask Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Testing and Deploying an API in a Microservice with Flask
Setting up unit tests with pytest
Creating a database for testing
Creating fixtures to perform setup and teardown tasks for running clean tests
Writing the first round of unit tests
Running unit tests with pytest and checking testing coverage
Improving testing coverage
Understanding strategies for deployments and scalability
Test your knowledge
Summary
Developing RESTful APIs with Django 2.1 Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Developing RESTful APIs with Django 2.1
Designing a RESTful API to interact with a simple SQLite database
Understanding the tasks performed by each HTTP method
Setting up the virtual environment with Django REST framework
Creating the models
Managing serialization and deserialization
Understanding status codes for the responses
Writing API views
Making HTTP requests to the Django API
Test your knowledge
Summary
Working with Class-Based Views and Hyperlinked APIs in Django 2.1 Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Working with Class-Based Views and Hyperlinked APIs in Django 2.1
Using model serializers to eliminate duplicate code
Working with wrappers to write API views
Using the default parsing and rendering options and moving beyond JSON
Browsing the API
Designing a RESTful API to interact with a complex PostgreSQL 10.5 database
Understanding the tasks performed by each HTTP method
Declaring relationships with the models
Installing packages with the requirements.txt file to work with PostgreSQL
Configuring the database
Running migrations
Verifying the contents of the PostgreSQL database
Managing serialization and deserialization with relationships and hyperlinks
Creating class-based views and using generic classes
Taking advantage of generic class-based views
Working with endpoints for the API
Browsing an API with relationships
Creating and retrieving related resources
Test your knowledge
Summary
Improving Our API and Adding Authentication to it with Django Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Improving Our API and Adding Authentication to it with Django
Adding unique constraints to the models
Updating a single field for a resource with the PATCH method
Taking advantage of pagination
Customizing pagination classes
Understanding authentication, permissions, and throttling
Adding security-related data to the models
Creating a customized permission class for object-level permissions
Persisting the user that makes a request and configuring permission policies
Setting a default value for a new required field in migrations
Composing requests with the necessary authentication
Browsing the API with authentication credentials
Test your knowledge
Summary
Throttling, Filtering, Testing, and Deploying an API with Django 2.1 Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Throttling, Filtering, Testing, and Deploying an API with Django 2.1
Installing packages with the requirements.txt file to work with filters, throttling, and tests
Understanding filtering, searching, and ordering classes
Configuring filtering, searching, and ordering for views
Executing HTTP requests to test filtering, searching, and ordering
Filtering, searching and ordering in the Browsable API
Understanding throttling classes and goals
Configuring throttling policies
Executing HTTP requests to test throttling policies
Setting up unit tests with pytest
Writing the first round of unit tests
Running unit tests with pytest
Improving testing coverage
Running Django RESTful APIs on the cloud
Test your knowledge
Summary
Developing RESTful APIs with Pyramid 1.10 Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Developing RESTful APIs with Pyramid 1.10
Designing a RESTful API to interact with a simple data source
Setting up the virtual environment with Pyramid 1.10
Creating a new Pyramid project based on a template
Creating the model
Using a dictionary as a repository
Creating a Marshmallow schema to validate, serialize, and deserialize the model
Working with view callables and view configurations
Understanding and configuring view handlers
Making HTTP requests to the API with command-line tools
Test your knowledge
Summary
Developing RESTful APIs with Tornado 5.1.1 Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Developing RESTful APIs with Tornado 5.1.1
Designing a RESTful API to interact with slow sensors and actuators
Understanding the tasks performed by each HTTP method
Setting up a virtual environment with Tornado 5.1.1
Creating classes that represent a drone
Writing request handlers
Mapping URL patterns to request handlers
Making HTTP requests to the Tornado API
Test your knowledge
Summary
Working with Asynchronous Code, Testing, and Deploying an API with Tornado Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Working with Asynchronous Code, Testing, and Deploying an API with Tornado
Understanding synchronous and asynchronous execution
Refactoring code to take advantage of asynchronous decorators
Mapping URL patterns to asynchronous request handlers
Making HTTP requests to the Tornado non-blocking API
Setting up unit tests with pytest
Writing the first round of unit tests
Running unit tests with pytest and checking testing coverage
Improving testing coverage
Understanding strategies for deploying Tornado APIs to the cloud
Test your knowledge
Summary
Assessment Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Assessment
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Other Books You May Enjoy Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
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Apr 2024 820 pages
Full star icon 4.5 (35)
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Implementing Event-Driven Microservices Architecture in .NET 7
Implementing Event-Driven Microservices Architecture in .NET 7
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Mar 2023 326 pages
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Building Python Microservices with FastAPI
Building Python Microservices with FastAPI
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Aug 2022 420 pages
Full star icon 3.9 (9)
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Customer reviews

Rating distribution
Full star icon Full star icon Half star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 2.3
(3 Ratings)
5 star 33.3%
4 star 0%
3 star 0%
2 star 0%
1 star 66.7%
Mike Cross Nov 14, 2019
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Nicely presented, well structured book with lots of really good information.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
den Jan 27, 2024
Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 1
Can't even get FIRST demo to work. What a junk book. ALL kinds of import errors. HORRIBLE! ANYBODY just run 1st demo to get server up and running? DOES NOT work. No error report from author?
Subscriber review Packt
K Wilson Apr 07, 2020
Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 1
Considering the amount of money this book cost the quality of the printing is pretty poor.The cover looks like its been digitaly printed on the cheapest photo paper by your local fax copier shop and all the pages feel like they're out of a photocopier machine. Really disappointing.They really stand out as substandard when compared to other books Ive bought over the last 30 years. If they last over time I will be astonished, Packt, what you doing ?!
Amazon Verified review Amazon

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About the author

Profile icon Gaston C. Hillar
Gaston C. Hillar
Gaston C. Hillar is Italian and has been working with computers since he was 8 years old. Gaston has a Bachelor's degree in computer science (graduated with honors) and an MBA. Currently, Gaston is an independent IT consultant and a freelance author who is always looking for new adventures anywhere in the world. He was a senior contributing editor at Dr. Dobb's, and has written more than a hundred articles on software development topics. He has received the prestigious Intel Black Belt Software Developer award eight times. He has written many articles about Java for Oracle Java Magazine. Gaston was also a former Microsoft MVP in technical computing. He lives with his wife, Vanesa, and his two sons, Kevin and Brandon.
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Shipping Details

USA:

'

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the US within 10-15 business days

Premium: Trackable Delivery to most addresses in the US within 3-8 business days

UK:

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 7-9 business days.
Shipments are not trackable

Premium: Trackable delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 3-4 business days!
Add one extra business day for deliveries to Northern Ireland and Scottish Highlands and islands

EU:

Premium: Trackable delivery to most EU destinations within 4-9 business days.

Australia:

Economy: Can deliver to P. O. Boxes and private residences.
Trackable service with delivery to addresses in Australia only.
Delivery time ranges from 7-9 business days for VIC and 8-10 business days for Interstate metro
Delivery time is up to 15 business days for remote areas of WA, NT & QLD.

Premium: Delivery to addresses in Australia only
Trackable delivery to most P. O. Boxes and private residences in Australia within 4-5 days based on the distance to a destination following dispatch.

India:

Premium: Delivery to most Indian addresses within 5-6 business days

Rest of the World:

Premium: Countries in the American continent: Trackable delivery to most countries within 4-7 business days

Asia:

Premium: Delivery to most Asian addresses within 5-9 business days

Disclaimer:
All orders received before 5 PM U.K time would start printing from the next business day. So the estimated delivery times start from the next day as well. Orders received after 5 PM U.K time (in our internal systems) on a business day or anytime on the weekend will begin printing the second to next business day. For example, an order placed at 11 AM today will begin printing tomorrow, whereas an order placed at 9 PM tonight will begin printing the day after tomorrow.


Unfortunately, due to several restrictions, we are unable to ship to the following countries:

  1. Afghanistan
  2. American Samoa
  3. Belarus
  4. Brunei Darussalam
  5. Central African Republic
  6. The Democratic Republic of Congo
  7. Eritrea
  8. Guinea-bissau
  9. Iran
  10. Lebanon
  11. Libiya Arab Jamahriya
  12. Somalia
  13. Sudan
  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela