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Home > Cloud & Networking > Configuration Management > Puppet 3 Cookbook
Puppet 3 Cookbook
Puppet 3 Cookbook

Puppet 3 Cookbook: An essential book if you have responsibility for servers. Real-world examples and code will give you Puppet expertise, allowing more control over servers, cloud computing, and desktops. A time-saving, career-enhancing tutorial , Second Edition

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Puppet 3 Cookbook

Chapter 2. Puppet Language and Style

 

Computer language design is just like a stroll in the park. Jurassic Park, that is.

 
 --Larry Wall

In this chapter we will cover:

  • Using community Puppet style

  • Checking your manifests with puppet-lint

  • Using modules

  • Using standard naming conventions

  • Using inline templates

  • Iterating over multiple items

  • Writing powerful conditional statements

  • Using regular expressions in if statements

  • Using selectors and case statements

  • Using the in operator

  • Using regular expression substitutions

Introduction

In this chapter you'll learn to write elegant Puppet manifests. By elegant in this context I mean readable, efficient, and consistent code that conforms to community usage.

We'll look at how to organize and structure your code into modules following community conventions, so that other people will find it easy to read and maintain your code. I'll also show you some powerful features of the Puppet language which will let you write concise, yet expressive, manifests.

Using community Puppet style

If other people need to read or maintain your manifests, or if you want to share code with the community, it's a good idea to follow the existing style conventions as closely as possible. These govern such aspects of your code as layout, spacing, quoting, alignment, and variable references, and the official Puppet Labs recommendations on style are available at

http://docs.puppetlabs.com/guides/style_guide

How to do it…

In this section I'll show you a few of the more important examples and how to make sure that your code is style-compliant.

Indentation

Indent your manifests using two spaces (not tabs), as follows:

node 'monitoring' inherits 'server' {
  include icinga::server
  include repo::apt
}

Quoting

Always quote your resource names, for example:

package { 'exim4':

Not

package { exim4:

Use single quotes for all strings, except when:

  • The string contains variable references (for example, ${name})

  • The string contains character escape sequences (for example, \n)

In these...

Checking your manifests with puppet-lint

The Puppet Labs official style guide outlines a number of style conventions for Puppet code, some of which we've touched on in the preceding section. For example, according to the style guide, manifests:

  • Must use two-space soft tabs

  • Must not use literal tab characters

  • Must not contain trailing white space

  • Should not exceed an 80 character line width

  • Should align parameter arrows (=>) within blocks

Following the style guide will make sure that your Puppet code is easy to read and maintain and, if you're planning to release your code to the public, style compliance is essential. The puppet-lint tool will automatically check your code against the style guide. Here's how to use it:

Getting ready

Here's what you need to do to install puppet-lint:

  1. Run the following command (we'll install puppet-lint as a gem, because that version is much more up-to-date than the APT package available in the Ubuntu Precise repo):

    ubuntu@cookbook:~/puppet$ sudo gem install puppet...

Using modules

One of the most important things you can do to make your Puppet manifests clearer and more maintainable is to organize them into modules.

A module is simply a way of grouping related things: for example, a webserver module might include everything necessary for a machine to be a web server: Apache configuration files, virtual host templates, and the Puppet code necessary to deploy these.

Separating things into modules makes it easier to re-use and share code; it's also the most logical way to organize your manifests. In this example we'll create a module to manage memcached, a memory caching system commonly used with web applications.

How to do it…

Here are the steps to create an example module.

  1. Create the following new directories in your Puppet repo:

    ubuntu@cookbook:~/puppet$ mkdir modules/memcached
ubuntu@cookbook:~/puppet$ mkdir modules/memcached/manifests
ubuntu@cookbook:~/puppet$ mkdir modules/memcached/files

  2. Create the file modules/memcached/manifests/init.pp with the following...

Using standard naming conventions

Choosing appropriate and informative names for your modules and classes will be a big help when it comes to maintaining your code. This is even truer if other people need to read and work on your manifests.

How to do it…

Here are some tips on how to name things in your manifests:

  1. Name modules after the software or service they manage, for example, apache or haproxy.

  2. Name classes within modules after the function or service they provide to the module, for example, apache::vhosts or rails::dependencies.

  3. If a class within a module disables the service provided by that module, name it disabled. For example, a class which disables Apache should be named apache::disabled.

  4. If a node provides multiple services, have the node definition include one module or class named for each service, for example:

    node 'server014' inherits 'server' {
  include puppet::server
  include mail::server
  include repo::gem
  include repo::apt
  include zabbix
}

  5. The module that manages users...

Using inline templates

Templates are a powerful way of using embedded Ruby to help build config files dynamically and iterate over arrays, for example. But you can embed Ruby in your manifests directly without having to use a separate file by calling the inline_template function.

How to do it…

Here's an example of using inline_template:

Pass your Ruby code to inline_template within the Puppet manifest, as follows:

cron { 'chkrootkit':
  command => '/usr/sbin/chkrootkit >
    /var/log/chkrootkit.log 2>&1',
  hour    => inline_template('<%= @hostname.sum % 24 %>'),
  minute  => '00',
}

How it works…

Anything inside the string passed to inline_template is executed as if it were an ERB template. That is, anything inside <%= and %> delimiters will be executed as Ruby code, and the rest will be treated as a string.

In this example, we use inline_template to compute a different hour for this cron resource (a scheduled job) for each machine, so that the same job does not...

Iterating over multiple items

Arrays are a powerful feature in Puppet; wherever you want to perform the same operation on a list of things, an array may be able to help. You can create an array just by putting its contents in square brackets:

$lunch = [ 'franks', 'beans', 'mustard' ]

How to do it…

Here's a common example of how arrays are used:

  1. Add the following code to your manifest:

    $packages = [ 'ruby1.8-dev',
              'ruby1.8',
              'ri1.8',
              'rdoc1.8',
              'irb1.8',
              'libreadline-ruby1.8',
              'libruby1.8',
              'libopenssl-ruby' ]

package { $packages: ensure => installed }

  2. Run Puppet and note that each package should now be installed.

How it works…

Where Puppet encounters an array as the name of a resource, it creates a resource for each element in the array. In the example, a new package resource is created for each of the packages in the $packages array, with the same parameters (ensure => installed). This is a...

Writing powerful conditional statements

Puppet's if statement allows you to change the manifest based on the value of a variable or an expression. With it, you can apply different resources or parameter values depending on certain facts about the node, for example, the operating system, or the memory size. You can also set variables within the manifest which can change the behavior of included classes. For example, nodes in data center A might need to use different DNS servers than nodes in data center B, or you might need to include one set of classes for an Ubuntu system, and a different set for other systems.

How to do it…

Here's an example of a useful conditional statement:

  1. Add the following code to your manifest:

    if $::operatingsystem == 'Ubuntu' {
  notify { 'Running on Ubuntu': }
} else {
  notify { 'Non-Ubuntu system detected. Please upgrade
    to Ubuntu immediately.': }
}

How it works…

Puppet treats whatever follows an if keyword as an expression and evaluates it. If the expression evaluates...

Using regular expressions in if statements

Another kind of expression you can test in if statements and other conditionals is the regular expression. A regular expression is a powerful way of comparing strings using pattern matching.

How to do it…

This is one example of using a regular expression in a conditional statement:

  1. Add the following to your manifest:

    if $::lsbdistdescription =~ /LTS/ {
  notify { 'Looks like you are using a Long Term Support
    version of Ubuntu.': }
} else {
  notify {'You might want to upgrade to a Long Term Support
    version of Ubuntu...': }
}

How it works…

Puppet treats the text supplied between the forward slashes as a regular expression specifying the text to be matched. If the match succeeds, the if expression will be true and so the code between the first set of curly braces will be executed.

If you wanted instead to do something if the text does not match, use !~ rather than =~:

if $::lsbdistdescription !~ /LTS/ {

There's more…

Regular expressions are very powerful...

Using selectors and case statements

Although you could write any conditional statement using if, Puppet provides a couple of extra forms to help you express conditionals more easily: the selector and the case statement.

How to do it…

Here are some examples of selector and case statements:

  1. Add the following code to your manifest:

    $systemtype = $::operatingsystem ? {
  'Ubuntu' => 'debianlike',
  'Debian' => 'debianlike',
  'RedHat' => 'redhatlike',
  'Fedora' => 'redhatlike',
  'CentOS' => 'redhatlike',
  default  => 'unknown',
}

notify { "You have a ${systemtype} system": }

  2. Add the following code to your manifest:

    class debianlike {
  notify { 'Special manifest for Debian-like systems': }
}

class redhatlike {
  notify { 'Special manifest for RedHat-like systems': }
}

case $::operatingsystem {
  'Ubuntu',
  'Debian': {
    include debianlike
  }
  'RedHat',
  'Fedora',
  'CentOS': {
    include redhatlike
  }
  default: {
    notify { "I don't know what kind of system you have...

Using the in operator

The in operator tests whether one string contains another. Here's an example:

if 'spring' in 'springfield'

The preceding expression is true if the string spring is a substring of springfield, which it is. The in operator can also test for membership of arrays as follows:

if $crewmember in ['Frank', 'Dave', 'HAL' ]

When in is used with a hash, it tests whether the string is a key of the hash:

$interfaces = { 'lo' => '127.0.0.1', 
                'eth0' => '192.168.0.1' }
if 'eth0' in $interfaces {
  notify { "eth0 has address ${interfaces['eth0']}": }
}

How to do it…

The following steps will show you how to use the in operator:

  1. Add the following code to your manifest:

    if $::operatingsystem in [ 'Ubuntu', 'Debian' ] {
  notify { 'Debian-type operating system detected': }
} elsif $::operatingsystem in [ 'RedHat', 'Fedora', 'SuSE', 'CentOS' ] {
  notify { 'RedHat-type operating system detected': }
} else {
  notify { 'Some other operating system detected': }
}

  2. Run Puppet:

    ubuntu...

Using regular expression substitutions

Puppet's regsubst function provides an easy way to manipulate text, search and replace within strings, or extract patterns from strings. We often need to do this with data obtained from a fact, for example, or from external programs.

In this example, we'll see how to use regsubst to extract the first three octets of an IPv4 address (the network part, assuming it's a class C address).

How to do it…

Follow these steps to build the example:

  1. Add the following code to your manifest:

    $class_c = regsubst($::ipaddress, '(.*)\..*', '\1.0')
notify { "The network part of ${::ipaddress} is
  ${class_c}": }

  2. Run Puppet:

    ubuntu@cookbook:~/puppet$ papply
Notice: The network part of 10.96.247.132 is 10.96.247.0
Notice: /Stage[main]/Admin::Test/Notify[The network part of 10.96.247.132 is 10.96.247.0]/message: defined 'message' as 'The 
etwork part of 10.96.247.132 is 10.96.247.0'
Notice: Finished catalog run in 0.09 seconds

How it works…

regsubst takes at least three parameters...

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Key benefits

  • Use Puppet 3 to take control of your servers and desktops, with detailed step-by-step instructions
  • Covers all the popular tools and frameworks used with Puppet: Dashboard, Foreman, and more
  • Teaches you how to extend Puppet with custom functions, types, and providers
  • Packed with tips and inspiring ideas for using Puppet to automate server builds, deployments, and workflows
  •  

Description

A revolution is happening in web operations. Configuration management tools can build servers in seconds, and automate your entire network. Tools like Puppet are essential to taking full advantage of the power of cloud computing, and building reliable, scalable, secure, high-performance systems. More and more systems administration and IT jobs require some knowledge of configuration management, and specifically Puppet."Puppet 3 Cookbook" takes you beyond the basics to explore the full power of Puppet, showing you in detail how to tackle a variety of real-world problems and applications. At every step it shows you exactly what commands you need to type, and includes full code samples for every recipe.The book takes the reader from a basic knowledge of Puppet to a complete and expert understanding of Puppet's latest and most advanced features, community best practices, writing great manifests, scaling and performance, and extending Puppet by adding your own providers and resources. It starts with guidance on how to set up and expand your Puppet infrastructure, then progresses through detailed information on the language and features, external tools, reporting, monitoring, and troubleshooting, and concludes with many specific recipes for managing popular applications.The book includes real examples from production systems and techniques that are in use in some of the world's largest Puppet installations, including a distributed Puppet architecture based on the Git version control system. You'll be introduced to powerful tools that work with Puppet such as Hiera. The book also explains managing Ruby applications and MySQL databases, building web servers, load balancers, high-availability systems with Heartbeat, and many other state-of-the-art techniques

Who is this book for?

"Puppet 3 Cookbook" is for anyone who builds and administers servers, especially in a web operations context. It requires some experience of Linux systems administration, including familiarity with the command line, file system, and text editing. No programming experience is required.

What you will learn

  • Installing and setting up Puppet for the first time
  • Producing eye-catching reports and information for management
  • Understanding common error messages and troubleshooting common problems
  • Managing large networks
  • Taking control of configuration data with Hiera and encrypting secrets with GnuPG
  • Producing reliable, clean, maintainable code to community standards with puppet-lint and rspec-puppet
  • Using classes and inheritance to write powerful Puppet code
  • Deploying configuration files and templates for lightning-fast installations
  • Using virtual machines to build test and staging environments, and production systems on cloud platforms such as EC2
  • Automating every aspect of your systems including provisioning, deployment and change management
  • Making Puppet reliable, performant, and scalable
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Publication date : Aug 26, 2013
Length: 274 pages
Edition : 2nd
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781782169765
Vendor :
Puppet
Category :
Cloud & Networking
Languages :
Ruby
Concepts :
Configuration Management
Tools :
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Publication date : Aug 26, 2013
Length: 274 pages
Edition : 2nd
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781782169765
Vendor :
Puppet
Category :
Cloud & Networking
Languages :
Ruby
Concepts :
Configuration Management
Tools :
Puppet

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Table of Contents

9 Chapters
Puppet Infrastructure Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Puppet Infrastructure
Introduction
Installing Puppet
Creating a manifest
Managing your manifests with Git
Creating a decentralized Puppet architecture
Writing a papply script
Running Puppet from cron
Deploying changes with Rake
Bootstrapping Puppet with Rake
Automatic syntax checking with Git hooks
Puppet Language and Style Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Puppet Language and Style
Introduction
Using community Puppet style
Checking your manifests with puppet-lint
Using modules
Using standard naming conventions
Using inline templates
Iterating over multiple items
Writing powerful conditional statements
Using regular expressions in if statements
Using selectors and case statements
Using the in operator
Using regular expression substitutions
Writing Better Manifests Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Writing Better Manifests
Introduction
Using arrays of resources
Using definitions
Using dependencies
Using tags
Using run stages
Using node inheritance
Passing parameters to classes
Using class inheritance and overriding
Writing reusable, cross-platform manifests
Getting information about the environment
Importing dynamic information
Passing arguments to shell commands
Working with Files and Packages Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Working with Files and Packages
Introduction
Making quick edits to config files
Using Augeas to automatically edit config files
Building config files using snippets
Using ERB templates
Using array iteration in templates
Using GnuPG to encrypt secrets
Installing packages from a third-party repository
Building packages automatically from source
Comparing package versions
Users and Virtual Resources Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Users and Virtual Resources
Introduction
Using virtual resources
Managing users with virtual resources
Managing users' SSH access
Managing users' customization files
Efficiently distributing cron jobs
Using schedules to limit when resources can be applied
Using host resources
Using multiple file sources
Distributing directory trees
Cleaning up old files
Auditing resources
Temporarily disabling resources
Applications Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Applications
Introduction
Managing Apache servers
Creating Apache virtual hosts
Creating Nginx virtual hosts
Managing MySQL
Managing Ruby
Servers and Cloud Infrastructure Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Servers and Cloud Infrastructure
Introduction
Building high-availability services using Heartbeat
Managing NFS servers and file shares
Using HAProxy to load-balance multiple web servers
Managing firewalls with iptables
Managing EC2 instances
Managing virtual machines with Vagrant
External Tools and the Puppet Ecosystem Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
External Tools and the Puppet Ecosystem
Introduction
Creating custom facts
Adding external facts
Setting facts as environment variables
Importing configuration data with Hiera
Storing secret data with hiera-gpg
Generating manifests with puppet resource
Generating manifests with other tools
Testing your manifests with rspec-puppet
Using public modules
Using an external node classifier
Creating your own resource types
Creating your own providers
Creating your own functions
Monitoring, Reporting, and Troubleshooting Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Monitoring, Reporting, and Troubleshooting
Introduction
Doing a dry run
Logging command output
Logging debug messages
Generating reports
Producing automatic HTML documentation
Drawing dependency graphs
Understanding Puppet errors
Inspecting configuration settings

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Alon Becker Feb 09, 2014
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
I wanted to enhance my Puppet knowledge and this book does just that. From using tags to encrypting sensitive data or with HieraGPG or creating your own custom function this book covers a tremendous amount of material. The book covers masterless puppet installation and really covers the topic well. It goes in to detail of how to set up a masterless ecosystem with Rake, Puppet and Git. My only complaints about this book is it does not cover enough of when to use masterless Puppet or when to have a Puppet master. Thus it does not cover PuppetDB, which is something we use. All in all a great book.I learned a lot from this book and have a bunch of new tools to use in my day to day use of Puppet.
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Stephen Collier Mar 22, 2015
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Great book to learn puppet easy to read, well written. Has helped me understand how and why puppet works.
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ad_amazon Dec 07, 2013
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Wer schon ein paar Grundlagen hat, kann in dem Buch viele interessante Beispiele finden.Ich schaue immer mal wieder in das Buch.
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Thomas Dao Jan 04, 2014
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
This book is very well-structured for the beginner to intermediate puppet and devops person.Starts off with overview and goes thru step by step examples and problems with helpfulalong the way. Using this book was able to setup and create recipes at the workplace. Got the PDFversion and read it both on my iPad and Android tablet.[...]
Amazon Verified review Amazon
carl Dec 02, 2013
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
John Arundel wrote another book - Puppet 2.7 cookbook in 2011. You can consider this one is the revised version with additional puppet 3 features added. Through this book, John shared his hands-on puppet development experience and gave his approach to deploy puppet infrastructure in distributed environment. Although each environment differs, reader will be able to get some idea from the usage described in book and apply the guideline within their own infrastructure.Many people like me, we are not coding puppet every day. Instead we build the framework, we developed module to meet business request. Then we move on to the next task. We don't spend lots of time to tune our code for best efficiency, nor we study public module to learn tricks/patterns on daily basis. This book happens to be a good resource for such readers and it uses many user cases to demonstrate what is the most efficient way.Author is not trying to cover every aspect in a less than 300 pages book. This book is more or less the summary of author's puppet working experience. He tried to list the most important concepts/features, wished readers can benefit from them and can have a more advanced start line.I definitely recommend this book to people who start programming puppet and developers, who are doing intermittent puppet development.
Amazon Verified review Amazon

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About the author

Profile icon John Arundel
John Arundel
John Arundel is a DevOps consultant, which means he helps people build world-class web operations teams and infrastructures and has fun doing it. He was formerly a senior operations engineer at global telco Verizon, designing resilient, high-performance infrastructures for major corporations such as Ford, McDonald's, and Bank of America. He is now an independent consultant, working closely with selected clients to deliver web-scale performance and enterprise-grade resilience on a startup budget. He likes writing books, especially about Puppet (Puppet 2.7 Cookbook and Puppet 3 Cookbook are available from Packt). He also provides training and coaching on Puppet and DevOps, which, it turns out, is far harder than simply doing the work himself. Off the clock, he is a medal-winning, competitive rifle and pistol shooter and a decidedly uncompetitive piano player. He lives in a small cottage in Cornwall, England and believes, like Cicero, that, if you have a garden and a library, then you have everything you need. You may like to follow him on Twitter at @bitfield.
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