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The Supervised Learning Workshop
The Supervised Learning Workshop

The Supervised Learning Workshop: Predict outcomes from data by building your own powerful predictive models with machine learning in Python , Second Edition

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Profile Icon Blaine Bateman Profile Icon Mathur Profile Icon Ashish Ranjan Jha Profile Icon Benjamin Johnston
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Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Half star icon 4.9 (10 Ratings)
Paperback Feb 2020 532 pages 2nd Edition
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Arrow left icon
Profile Icon Blaine Bateman Profile Icon Mathur Profile Icon Ashish Ranjan Jha Profile Icon Benjamin Johnston
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Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Half star icon 4.9 (10 Ratings)
Paperback Feb 2020 532 pages 2nd Edition
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The Supervised Learning Workshop

2. Exploratory Data Analysis and Visualization

Overview

This chapter takes us through how to perform exploration and analysis on a new dataset. By the end of this chapter, you will be able to explain the importance of data exploration and communicate the summary statistics of a dataset. You will visualize patterns in missing values in data and be able to replace null values appropriately. You will be equipped to identify continuous features, categorical features and visualize distributions of values across individual variables. You will also be able to describe and analyze relationships between different types of variables using correlation and visualizations.

Introduction

Say we have a problem statement that involves predicting whether a particular earthquake caused a tsunami. How do we decide what model to use? What do we know about the data we have? Nothing! But if we don't know and understand our data, chances are we'll end up building a model that's not very interpretable or reliable. When it comes to data science, it's important to have a thorough understanding of the data we're dealing with, in order to generate features that are highly informative and, consequently, to build accurate and powerful models. To acquire this understanding, we perform an exploratory analysis of the data to see what the data can tell us about the relationships between the features and the target variable (the value that you are trying to predict using the other variables). Getting to know our data will even help us interpret the model we build and identify ways we can improve its accuracy. The approach we take to achieve this is...

Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA)

Exploratory data analysis (EDA) is defined as a method to analyze datasets and sum up their main characteristics to derive useful conclusions, often with visual methods.

The purpose of EDA is to:

  • Discover patterns within a dataset
  • Spot anomalies
  • Form hypotheses regarding the behavior of data
  • Validate assumptions

Everything from basic summary statistics to complex visualizations helps us gain an intuitive understanding of the data itself, which is highly important when it comes to forming new hypotheses about the data and uncovering what parameters affect the target variable. Often, discovering how the target variable varies across a single feature gives us an indication of how important a feature might be, and a variation across a combination of several features helps us to come up with ideas for new informative features to engineer.

Most explorations and visualizations are intended to understand the relationship between...

Summary Statistics and Central Values

In order to find out what our data really looks like, we use a technique known as data profiling. This is defined as the process of examining the data available from an existing information source (for example, a database or a file) and collecting statistics or informative summaries about that data. The goal is to make sure that you understand your data well and are able to identify any challenges that the data may pose early on in the project, which is done by summarizing the dataset and assessing its structure, content, and quality.

Data profiling includes collecting descriptive statistics and data types. Common data profile commands include those you have seen previously, including data.describe(), data.head(), and data.tail(). You can also use data.info(), which tells you how many non-null values there are in each column, along with the data type of the values (non-numeric types are represented as object types).

Exercise 2.01: Summarizing...

Missing Values

When there is no value (that is, a null value) recorded for a particular feature in a data point, we say that the data is missing. Having missing values in a real dataset is inevitable; no dataset is ever perfect. However, it is important to understand why the data is missing, and whether there is a factor that has affected the loss of data. Appreciating and recognizing this allows us to handle the remaining data in an appropriate manner. For example, if the data is missing randomly, then it's highly likely that the remaining data is still representative of the population. However, if the missing data is not random in nature and we assume that it is, it could bias our analysis and subsequent modeling.

Let's look at the common reasons (or mechanisms) for missing data:

  • Missing Completely at Random (MCAR): Values in a dataset are said to be MCAR if there is no correlation whatsoever between the value missing and any other recorded variable or external...

Distribution of Values

In this section, we'll look at how individual variables behave—what kind of values they take, what the distribution across those values is, and how those distributions can be represented visually.

Target Variable

The target variable can either have values that are continuous (in the case of a regression problem) or discrete (as in the case of a classification problem). The problem statement we're looking at in this chapter involves predicting whether an earthquake caused a tsunami, that is, the flag_tsunami variable, which takes on two discrete values only—making it a classification problem.

One way of visualizing how many earthquakes resulted in tsunamis and how many didn't involves the use of a bar chart, where each bar represents a single discrete value of the variable, and the height of the bars is equal to the count of the data points having the corresponding discrete value. This gives us a good comparison of the absolute...

Relationships within the Data

There are two reasons why it is important to find relationships between variables in the data:

  • Establishing which features are potentially important can be deemed essential, since finding ones that have a strong relationship with the target variable will aid in the feature selection process.
  • Finding relationships between different features themselves can be useful since variables in the dataset are usually never completely independent of every other variable and this can affect our modeling in a number of ways.

Now, there are a number of ways in which we can visualize these relationships, and this really depends on the types of variable we are trying to find the relationship between, and how many we are considering as part of the equation or comparison.

Relationship between Two Continuous Variables

Establishing a relationship between two continuous variables is basically seeing how one varies as the value of the other is increased...

Summary

In this chapter, we started by talking about why data exploration is an important part of the modeling process and how it can help in not only preprocessing the dataset for the modeling process but also help us engineer informative features and improve model accuracy. This chapter focused on not only gaining a basic overview of the dataset and its features but also gaining insights by creating visualizations that combine several features. We looked at how to find the summary statistics of a dataset using core functionality from pandas. We looked at how to find missing values and talked about why they're important while learning how to use the Missingno library to analyze them and the pandas and scikit-learn libraries to impute the missing values. Then, we looked at how to study the univariate distributions of variables in the dataset and visualize them for both categorical and continuous variables using bar charts, pie charts, and histograms. Lastly, we learned how to...

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Key benefits

  • Explore the fundamentals of supervised machine learning and its applications
  • Learn how to label and process data correctly using Python libraries
  • Gain a comprehensive overview of different machine learning algorithms used for building prediction models

Description

Would you like to understand how and why machine learning techniques and data analytics are spearheading enterprises globally? From analyzing bioinformatics to predicting climate change, machine learning plays an increasingly pivotal role in our society. Although the real-world applications may seem complex, this book simplifies supervised learning for beginners with a step-by-step interactive approach. Working with real-time datasets, you’ll learn how supervised learning, when used with Python, can produce efficient predictive models. Starting with the fundamentals of supervised learning, you’ll quickly move to understand how to automate manual tasks and the process of assessing date using Jupyter and Python libraries like pandas. Next, you’ll use data exploration and visualization techniques to develop powerful supervised learning models, before understanding how to distinguish variables and represent their relationships using scatter plots, heatmaps, and box plots. After using regression and classification models on real-time datasets to predict future outcomes, you’ll grasp advanced ensemble techniques such as boosting and random forests. Finally, you’ll learn the importance of model evaluation in supervised learning and study metrics to evaluate regression and classification tasks. By the end of this book, you’ll have the skills you need to work on your real-life supervised learning Python projects.

Who is this book for?

If you are a beginner or a data scientist who is just getting started and looking to learn how to implement machine learning algorithms to build predicting models, then this book is for you. To expedite the learning process, a solid understanding of Python programming is recommended as you’ll be editing the classes or functions instead of creating from scratch.

What you will learn

  • Import NumPy and pandas libraries to assess the data in a Jupyter Notebook
  • Discover patterns within a dataset using exploratory data analysis
  • Using pandas to find the summary statistics of a dataset
  • Improve the performance of a model with linear regression analysis
  • Increase the predictive accuracy with decision trees such as k-nearest neighbor (KNN) models
  • Plot precision-recall and ROC curves to evaluate model performance
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Table of Contents

7 Chapters
1. Fundamentals Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
2. Exploratory Data Analysis and Visualization Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
3. Linear Regression Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
4. Autoregression Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
5. Classification Techniques Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
6. Ensemble Modeling Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
7. Model Evaluation Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

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Amazon Customer Nov 16, 2020
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
I received this book as a sample to review and really enjoyed reading through it. The approach is more practice than theory, which is good if you are the learn-by-doing type. That said, the author does include enough of the theory that the reader will still come away with an understanding of the way the various algorithms work.Things I liked about the book: The book uses python -which is industry standard for implementing machine learning these days. In addition, the author introduces several of standard data science packages (sklearn, matplotlib, pandas) and mostly sticks with these to perform the various analyses, which i think is good in that it doesn't require to reader to install and learn the syntax of a bunch of new packages for every topic covered. Some basic package-management tools (pip, conda) are also described. Another definite plus of the book is that it goes through code to implement the gradient descent algorithm and to build a decision tree from scratch. Seeing the actual implementations will definitely help the reader understand these algorithms far better than a simple summary. Finally, the book contains a number of exercises that the reader can go through to ensure that he/she has a good understanding of the material. The given problems tend to build on the material that was just presented, so that the reader can not only check his/her understanding, but build on it as well.Overall, the book is well written and covers a good array of topics, from data exploration to plotting to model building to performance metrics. The author does a good job of focusing the book to cover most major topics in supervised learning. I would recommend this book to anyone with a basic understanding of Python that wants to get a hands-on overview of supervised learning techniques.
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Akhilesh Kumawat Mar 10, 2020
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This is one of the best data science books I have come across. It really removes all the noise and helps build a step by step understanding of the subject matter. I wholeheartedly recommend the book for both the amateurs and the experts as the book starts from basics and goes on to cover the complicated topics in an effortless way for the readers.
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lisa May 27, 2020
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I got this book as a sample to review. I was honestly surprised with the way this book was written and put together. Each section was well written and really kept the audience in mind. This book uses Python, which, was a great introduction to using Python over R. I have always wanted to use Python more, so this book really took me through examples, applications, and understanding of using Python for machine learning. What I really loved about this book was the step by step approach and not making the explanations overly detailed and theoretical. Machine learning is a difficult topic to cover, so it was great that this book really took you through each process of understanding machine learning via a step by step process. If you are in the process of learning machine learning and need a supplemental guide or even interested in learning about Python and/or machine learning, get this book. You will walk away after going through the book appreciating the machine learning process and Python more. Happy coding!
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jane_thompson Jun 12, 2020
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The chapters are rich with sample code for beginners to follow along with the authors. A strong emphasis is placed on business and data understanding before jumping into any model building endeavor. The authors provide an ample number of activities for the users to try on their own, and complete solutions are provided. Experienced readers will benefit from thorough coverage of the math behind least-squares optimization and gradient descent. This is almost certainly the best way to learn new concepts -- by first trying them for yourself and having a resource available for guidance in the event of any questions or confusion. More experienced readers will almost certainly learn new tricks regarding optimizing visualizations, especially with regard to model evaluation. For readers will a lighter background in topics such as regression and classification, this book is a phenomenal way to tap into the mind of an experienced machine learning practitioner and see how they would go about defining, setting up, and analyzing these problems. I would highly recommend this book!
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Marleen Dec 15, 2020
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The book can be divided in three logical parts: basics, supervised learning models, model evaluation methods.In the beginning of the book the authors talk about the programming fundamentals necessary for supervised learning. Then, the next chapter is about explanatory analysis - so basically all the analysis you can perform without using any supervised learning, mainly using visualisations and "looking" closer into your dataset. And lastly, what I would still consider "Basics", two chapters about Regression and Autoregression.In the second part "supervised learning model" the authors introduce different types of classification models (approaches like Regression, KNN, Decision Trees, Neural Networks) and in the chapter after some more advanced techniques like one hot encoding, bootstrapping, stacking. The last chapter will teach you everything you need to know about model evaluation.The book takes Windows, Mac OS as well as Linux environments into account, which I like a lot and each chapter is also accompanied by code examples and exercises which is very cool. Other than that, the structure of the book makes a lot of sense to me and I found it easy to follow along and understood all explanations and tasks.Regarding the audience of this book: Even-though there is a part that introduces you to Python programming for supervised learning, I would recommend this book to people that know either a different programming language very well or the basics of python already. Else it might be a bit too hard to follow along. But other than that I think the book manages to give a good introduction as well as advanced techniques for supervised learning. Advanced users could start reading chapter 5 for example. But repeating some old topics like regression might also be a good refreshers for some of the advanced users. Overall I really enjoyed reading the book and especially doing the exercises, they steepened my learning curve tremendously. Thanks and keep up the good work! An unsupervised edition would be more than welcome ;)!
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