Built-in universal functions

A typical example is the cos function (the one provided by NumPy):

cos(pi) # -1
cos(array([[0, pi/2, pi]])) # array([[1, 0, -1]])

Note that universal functions work on arrays in a componentwise manner. This is also true for operators, such as multiplication or exponent:

2 * array([2, 4]) # array([4, 8])
array([1, 2]) * array([1, 8]) # array([1, 16])
array([1, 2])**2 # array([1, 4])
2**array([1, 2]) # array([2, 4])
array([1, 2])**array([1, 2]) # array([1, 4])