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DNS in Action
DNS in Action

DNS in Action: A detailed and practical guide to DNS implementation, configuration, and administration

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DNS in Action

Chapter 2. DNS Protocol

2.1 Resource Records


Information on domain names and their IP addresses, as well as all the other information distributed via DNS is stored in the memory of name servers as Resource Records (RR).

A name server (also referred to as a DNS server) loads data into its cache in several ways. Authoritative data are read from files on a disk or obtained via a zone transfer query from another authoritative servers. Nonauthoritative data are obtained by the server from other servers as it answers of individual DNS queries. Do not forget for special kind of nonauthoritative data - information about root name servers which are loaded locally from disk file.

If a DNS client needs to obtain information from a DNS, it requests RR from the DNS according to its requirements, i.e., a client can request from a domain server an A type RR with the IP addresses of the particular domain name. A client can be a resolver or a name server that cannot resolve the query on its own.

The structure of RR is prescribed...

2.2 DNS Protocol


The DNS protocol works with several types of operations. The most commonly used operation is a DNS QUERY. It is a query that enables the obtaining of one or more records from the DNS database. The DNS QUERY operation was for a long time the only operation possible in the DNS system. New modifications to the DNS protocol have brought new kinds of operations, as DNS NOTIFY or DNS UPDATE. These will be dealt with in the next chapter.

The DNS protocol operates on a query/answer basis. A client sends a query to a server and the server answers it. DNS protocol uses name compression in order to make DNS packets as compact as possible.

The DNS protocol is an application-layer protocol and, as such, it does not carry out packet transfer on its own. The packet transfer is delegated to a transport protocol. Unlike the overwhelming majority of other application protocols, DNS protocol uses both UDP and TCP. Each query and the answer to it are transferred by the same transport protocol...

2.3 DNS Query


The DNS QUERY operation consists of a query and an answer. A query contains a request for an RR (or several RRs) from the DNS database. The answer either contains the particular RR or is a denial. The RR contained in an answer can be the ultimate answer or help the client to formulate another DNS QUERY to achieve the aim, i.e., to formulate another iteration.

2.3.1 DNS Query Packet Format

DNS query uses the same packet format for both queries and answers as shown in the following figure:

Figure 2.2: DNS Query packet format

A packet can consist of up to five sections. Each packet has to contain the HEADER section.

The term ‘query’ is used in two senses:

  1. 1. A DNS QUERY operation. A basic DNS protocol operation through which records (RR) are searched for in DNS databases. Several other operations will be discussed in the next chapter.

  2. 2. The DNS QUERY operation always consists of a query (sent by a client) and an answer to it sent to the client by the name server. The client is either...

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Key benefits

  • Technically detailed with practical solutions
  • Comprehensive guide to configuration and administration of DNS servers
  • Covers DNS Extensions, delegation, and registration

Description

The Domain Name System is one of the foundations of the internet. It is the system that allows the translation of human-readable domain names into machines-readable IP addresses and the reverse translation of IP addresses into domain names. This book describes the basic DNS protocol and its extensions; DNS delegation and registration, including for reverse domains; using DNS servers in networks that are not connected to the internet; and using DNS servers on firewall machines. Many detailed examples are used throughout the book to show perform various configuration and administration tasks.

Who is this book for?

This book is for system administrators and network architects who need to learn how to run and configure DNS servers. A working knowledge of TCP/IP protocols is presumed.

What you will learn

  • This book covers all the basic as well as advanced uses of DNS
  • Chapter 1 introduces basic DNS concepts, such as domains and subdomains, domain naming syntax, reverse domains, zones, queries, resolvers, name servers, forwarder servers.
  • Chapter 2 explains the DNS protocol, focusing on DNS query. The chapter makes use of several examples of DNS client-server communication. Including an example of a non-existent RR query and its answer, communication with a root server, and TCP and UDP DNS queries.
  • Chapter 3 describes extension to the DNS protocol, including DNS Update, DNS Notify, Incremental Zone Transfer, Negative caching, DNS IPv6 Extension, DNSsec, and TSIG.
  • Chapter 4 discusses name server implementations, focusing on Bind, versions 4, 8, and 9. The use and configuration of the program named is explained in detail. The chapter also discusses the Windows 2000 implementation.
  • Chapter 5 covers DNS tuning and administration and tools, such as named-checkconf, named-checkzone, nslookup, dnswalk, dig, and rndc.
  • Chapter 6 focuses on DNS delegation from a primary to secondary servers. The process of domain registration is also explained in the chapter.
  • Chapter 7 talks about the delegation and registration of reverse domains.
  • The internet registry is the subject of Chapter 8. It covers the regional internet registry, division of the world between RIR and country codes, and RIPE database and its various objects.
  • Chapter 9 shows how to configure DNS servers in closed intranets, i.e. networks that are not connected to the internet. It covers configuring a root name server on a separate server (BIND 4) and configuring a name server for the root domain.
  • Chapter 10 covers sharing a DNS database between the Internet and intranet, as well as having separate servers. It also discusses installing name servers on firewalls.
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Publication date, Length, Edition, Language, ISBN-13
Publication date : Apr 05, 2006
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781904811787
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Table of Contents

10 Chapters
Domain Name System Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
DNS Protocol Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
DNS Extension Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Name Server Implementation Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Tools for DNS Debugging and Administration Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Domain Delegation and Registration Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Reverse Domain Delegation Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Internet Registry Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
DNS in Closed Intranets Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
DNS and Firewall Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customer reviews

Rating distribution
Full star icon Full star icon Half star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 2.3
(3 Ratings)
5 star 33.3%
4 star 0%
3 star 0%
2 star 0%
1 star 66.7%
orlando a niño p Oct 02, 2014
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excellent supplier recommended
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Geoff S. Jul 20, 2006
Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 1
According to the title page of this book, it is an English translationof a Czech book (ISBN 80-722-6675-6) published in 2003, apparently froma manuscript completed in 2001 (based on the dates used in theexamples).The content has not been appreciably updated, if it's been updated atall. For example, in Section 3.5.1 and 3.5.2, the book discusses AAAAand A6 resource records, noting "The use of the AAAA record will notprevail in the future, though". However, the IETF moved the A6 recordto EXPERIMENTAL status in 2001 (!), effectively deprecating it in favorof AAAA. In fact, the book is dangerously out-of-date, as it has anextensive treatment of BIND 4 without anywhere noting that theISC -- the maintainer of BIND -- deprecated BIND 4 in 1997. (BIND 4 isnow widely regarded as unsafe for use in a production environment.)The woefully dated content isn't the only problem. The translationfrom Czech is sloppy, with many typographical errors and awkwardsentences. There are many artifacts from what was presumably initiallya machine translation. There are also quite a few minor inaccuracies,and negligible coverage of security issues (other than a section on anobsoleted version DNSSEC).In short, I cannot warn strongly enough against this book. It'sinadequate, even as a primer. I would recommend one of theseimmeasurably better books on DNS for anyone at any levelseeking to learn more about DNS:- Pro DNS and BIND, by Ron Aitchison (ISBN 1590594940)- DNS and BIND (5th Edition), by Cricket Liu and Paul Albitz (ISBN 0596100574)
Amazon Verified review Amazon
John Dickinson Jul 17, 2006
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When I got this book I flicked to the section on DNSSEC in order to see how up to date this book is. I was horrified to see that the whole section is based on RFC 2535. This is now obsolete and has been replaced by RFC's 4033, 4034 and 4035. These new RFC's had been out for a year by the time this book was published.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
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