Data acquisition techniques

In this section, we will illustrate how to acquire data from web pages. Web pages contain a potential bounty of useful information. We will demonstrate how to access web pages using several technologies, starting with a low-level approach supported by the HttpUrlConnection class. To find pages, a web crawler application is often used. Once a useful page has been identified, then information needs to be extracted from the page. This is often performed using an HTML parser. Extracting this information is important because it is often buried amid a clutter of HTML tags and JavaScript code.

Using the HttpUrlConnection class

The contents of a web page can be accessed using the HttpUrlConnection class. This is a low-level approach that requires the developer to do a lot of footwork to extract relevant content. However, he or she is able to exercise greater control over how the content is handled. In some situations, this approach may be preferable to using other API libraries.

We will demonstrate how to download the content of Wikipedia's data science page using this class. We start with a try/catch block to handle exceptions. A URL object is created using the data science URL string. The openConnection method will create a connection to the Wikipedia server as shown here:

    try { 
        URL url = new URL( 
            "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science"); 
        HttpURLConnection connection = (HttpURLConnection)  
            url.openConnection(); 
       ... 
    } catch (MalformedURLException ex) { 
        // Handle exceptions 
    } catch (IOException ex) { 
        // Handle exceptions 
    }

The connection object is initialized with an HTTP GET command. The connect method is then executed to connect to the server:

    connection.setRequestMethod("GET"); 
    connection.connect();

Assuming no errors were encountered, we can determine whether the response was successful using the getResponseCode method. A normal return value is 200. The content of a web page can vary. For example, the getContentType method returns a string describing the page's content. The getContentLength method returns its length:

    out.println("Response Code: " + connection.getResponseCode()); 
    out.println("Content Type: " + connection.getContentType()); 
    out.println("Content Length: " + connection.getContentLength());

Assuming that we get an HTML formatted page, the next sequence illustrates how to get this content. A BufferedReader instance is created where one line at a time is read in from the web site and appended to a BufferedReader instance. The buffer is then displayed:

    InputStreamReader isr = new InputStreamReader((InputStream)  
        connection.getContent()); 
    BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(isr); 
    StringBuilder buffer = new StringBuilder(); 
    String line; 
    do { 
        line = br.readLine(); 
        buffer.append(line + "\n"); 
    } while (line != null); 
    out.println(buffer.toString());

The abbreviated output is shown here:

Response Code: 200 
Content Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8 
Content Length: -1
<!DOCTYPE html> 
<html lang="en" dir="ltr" class="client-nojs"> 
<head> 
<meta charset="UTF-8"/>
<title>Data science - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</title> 
<script>document.documentElement.className =
...
"wgHostname":"mw1251"});});</script> 
</body>
</html>

While this is feasible, there are easier methods for getting the contents of a web page. One of these techniques is discussed in the next section.

Web crawlers in Java

Web crawling is the process of traversing a series of interconnected web pages and extracting relevant information from those pages. It does this by isolating and then following links on a page. While there are many precompiled datasets readily available, it may still be necessary to collect data directly off the Internet. Some sources such as news sites are continually being updated and need to be revisited from time to time.

A web crawler is an application that visits various sites and collects information. The web crawling process consists of a series of steps:

Select a URL to visit
Fetch the page
Parse the page
Extract relevant content
Extract relevant URLs to visit

This process is repeated for each URL visited.

There are several issues that need to be considered when fetching and parsing a page such as:

Page importance: We do not want to process irrelevant pages.
Exclusively HTML: We will not normally follow links to images, for example.
Spider traps: We want to bypass sites that may result in an infinite number of requests. This can occur with dynamically generated pages where one request leads to another.
Repetition: It is important to avoid crawling the same page more than once.
Politeness: Do not make an excessive number of requests to a website. Observe the robot.txt files; they specify which parts of a site should not be crawled.

The process of creating a web crawler can be daunting. For all but the simplest needs, it is recommended that one of several open source web crawlers be used. A partial list follows:

Nutch: http://nutch.apache.org
crawler4j: https://github.com/yasserg/crawler4j
JSpider: http://j-spider.sourceforge.net/
WebSPHINX: http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~rcm/websphinx/
Heritrix: https://webarchive.jira.com/wiki/display/Heritrix

We can either create our own web crawler or use an existing crawler and in this chapter we will examine both approaches. For specialized processing, it can be desirable to use a custom crawler. We will demonstrate how to create a simple web crawler in Java to provide more insight into how web crawlers work. This will be followed by a brief discussion of other web crawlers.

Creating your own web crawler

Now that we have a basic understanding of web crawlers, we are ready to create our own. In this simple web crawler, we will keep track of the pages visited using ArrayList instances. In addition, jsoup will be used to parse a web page and we will limit the number of pages we visit. Jsoup (https://jsoup.org/) is an open source HTML parser. This example demonstrates the basic structure of a web crawler and also highlights some of the issues involved in creating a web crawler.

We will use the SimpleWebCrawler class, as declared here:

public class SimpleWebCrawler { 
 
    private String topic; 
    private String startingURL; 
    private String urlLimiter; 
    private final int pageLimit = 20; 
    private ArrayList<String> visitedList = new ArrayList<>(); 
    private ArrayList<String> pageList = new ArrayList<>(); 
    ... 
    public static void main(String[] args) { 
        new SimpleWebCrawler(); 
    } 
 
}

The instance variables are detailed here:

Variable	Use
`topic`	The keyword that needs to be in a page for the page to be accepted
`startingURL`	The URL of the first page
`urlLimiter`	A string that must be contained in a link before it will be followed
`pageLimit`	The maximum number of pages to retrieve
`visitedList`	The `ArrayList` containing pages that have already been visited
`pageList`	An `ArrayList` containing the URLs of the pages of interest

In the SimpleWebCrawler constructor, we initialize the instance variables to begin the search from the Wikipedia page for Bishop Rock, an island off the coast of Italy. This was chosen to minimize the number of pages that might be retrieved. As we will see, there are many more Wikipedia pages dealing with Bishop Rock than one might think.

The urlLimiter variable is set to Bishop_Rock, which will restrict the embedded links to follow to just those containing that string. Each page of interest must contain the value stored in the topic variable. The visitPage method performs the actual crawl:

    public SimpleWebCrawler() { 
        startingURL = https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_Rock, " 
            + "Isles_of_Scilly"; 
        urlLimiter = "Bishop_Rock"; 
        topic = "shipping route"; 
        visitPage(startingURL); 
    }

In the visitPage method, the pageList ArrayList is checked to see whether the maximum number of accepted pages has been exceeded. If the limit has been exceeded, then the search terminates:

    public void visitPage(String url) { 
        if (pageList.size() >= pageLimit) { 
            return; 
        } 
       ... 
    }

If the page has already been visited, then we ignore it. Otherwise, it is added to the visited list:

    if (visitedList.contains(url)) { 
        // URL already visited 
    } else { 
        visitedList.add(url); 
            ... 
    }

Jsoup is used to parse the page and return a Document object. There are many different exceptions and problems that can occur such as a malformed URL, retrieval timeouts, or simply bad links. The catch block needs to handle these types of problems. We will provide a more in-depth explanation of jsoup in web scraping in Java:

    try { 
        Document doc = Jsoup.connect(url).get(); 
            ... 
        } 
    } catch (Exception ex) { 
        // Handle exceptions 
    }

If the document contains the topic text, then the link is displayed and added to the pageList ArrayList. Each embedded link is obtained, and if the link contains the limiting text, then the visitPage method is called recursively:

    if (doc.text().contains(topic)) { 
        out.println((pageList.size() + 1) + ": [" + url + "]"); 
        pageList.add(url); 
 
        // Process page links 
        Elements questions = doc.select("a[href]"); 
        for (Element link : questions) { 
            if (link.attr("href").contains(urlLimiter)) { 
                visitPage(link.attr("abs:href")); 
            } 
        } 
    }

This approach only examines links in those pages that contain the topic text. Moving the for loop outside of the if statement will test the links for all pages.

The output follows:

1: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_Rock,_Isles_of_Scilly]
2: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_Rock_Lighthouse]
3: [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bishop_Rock,_Isles_of_Scilly&oldid=717634231#Lighthouse]
4: [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bishop_Rock,_Isles_of_Scilly&diff=prev&oldid=717634231]
5: [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bishop_Rock,_Isles_of_Scilly&oldid=716622943]
6: [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bishop_Rock,_Isles_of_Scilly&diff=prev&oldid=716622943]
7: [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bishop_Rock,_Isles_of_Scilly&oldid=716608512]
8: [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bishop_Rock,_Isles_of_Scilly&diff=prev&oldid=716608512]
...
20: [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bishop_Rock,_Isles_of_Scilly&diff=prev&oldid=716603919]

In this example, we did not save the results of the crawl in an external source. Normally this is necessary and can be stored in a file or database.

Using the crawler4j web crawler

Here we will illustrate the use of the crawler4j (https://github.com/yasserg/crawler4j) web crawler. We will use an adapted version of the basic crawler found at https://github.com/yasserg/crawler4j/tree/master/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/crawler4j/examples/basi c. We will create two classes: CrawlerController and SampleCrawler. The former class set ups the crawler while the latter contains the logic that controls what pages will be processed.

As with our previous crawler, we will crawl the Wikipedia article dealing with Bishop Rock. The results using this crawler will be smaller as many extraneous pages are ignored.

Let's look at the CrawlerController class first. There are several parameters that are used with the crawler as detailed here:

Crawl storage folder: The location where crawl data is stored
Number of crawlers: This controls the number of threads used for the crawl
Politeness delay: How many seconds to pause between requests
Crawl depth: How deep the crawl will go
Maximum number of pages to fetch: How many pages to fetch
Binary data: Whether to crawl binary data such as PDF files

The basic class is shown here:

public class CrawlerController { 
 
  public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { 
    int numberOfCrawlers = 2; 
    CrawlConfig config = new CrawlConfig(); 
    String crawlStorageFolder = "data"; 
     
    config.setCrawlStorageFolder(crawlStorageFolder); 
    config.setPolitenessDelay(500); 
    config.setMaxDepthOfCrawling(2); 
    config.setMaxPagesToFetch(20); 
    config.setIncludeBinaryContentInCrawling(false); 
    ... 
  } 
}

Next, the CrawlController class is created and configured. Notice the RobotstxtConfig and RobotstxtServer classes used to handle robot.txt files. These files contain instructions that are intended to be read by a web crawler. They provide direction to help a crawler to do a better job such as specifying which parts of a site should not be crawled. This is useful for auto generated pages:

    PageFetcher pageFetcher = new PageFetcher(config); 
    RobotstxtConfig robotstxtConfig = new RobotstxtConfig(); 
    RobotstxtServer robotstxtServer =  
        new RobotstxtServer(robotstxtConfig, pageFetcher); 
    CrawlController controller =  
        new CrawlController(config, pageFetcher, robotstxtServer);

The crawler needs to start at one or more pages. The addSeed method adds the starting pages. While we used the method only once here, it can be used as many times as needed:

    controller.addSeed( 
      "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_Rock,_Isles_of_Scilly");

The start method will begin the crawling process:

    controller.start(SampleCrawler.class, numberOfCrawlers);

The SampleCrawler class contains two methods of interest. The first is the shouldVisit method that determines whether a page will be visited and the visit method that actually handles the page. We start with the class declaration and the declaration of a Java regular expression class Pattern object. It will be one way of determining whether a page will be visited. In this declaration, standard images are specified and will be ignored:

    public class SampleCrawler extends WebCrawler { 
        private static final Pattern IMAGE_EXTENSIONS =  
            Pattern.compile(".*\\.(bmp|gif|jpg|png)$"); 
 
        ... 
    }

The shouldVisit method is passed a reference to the page where this URL was found along with the URL. If any of the images match, the method returns false and the page is ignored. In addition, the URL must start with https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/. We added this to restrict our searches to the Wikipedia website:

    public boolean shouldVisit(Page referringPage, WebURL url) { 
        String href = url.getURL().toLowerCase(); 
        if (IMAGE_EXTENSIONS.matcher(href).matches()) { 
            return false; 
        } 
        return href.startsWith("https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/"); 
    }

The visit method is passed a Page object representing the page being visited. In this implementation, only those pages containing the string shipping route will be processed. This further restricts the pages visited. When we find such a page, its URL, Text, and Text length are displayed:

    public void visit(Page page) { 
        String url = page.getWebURL().getURL(); 
 
        if (page.getParseData() instanceof HtmlParseData) { 
            HtmlParseData htmlParseData =  
                (HtmlParseData) page.getParseData(); 
            String text = htmlParseData.getText(); 
            if (text.contains("shipping route")) { 
                out.println("\nURL: " + url); 
                out.println("Text: " + text); 
                out.println("Text length: " + text.length()); 
            } 
        } 
    }

The following is the truncated output of the program when executed:

URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_Rock,_Isles_of_Scilly
Text: Bishop Rock, Isles of Scilly...From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia ... Jump to: ... navigation, search For the Bishop Rock in the Pacific Ocean, see Cortes Bank. Bishop Rock Bishop Rock Lighthouse (2005)
...
Text length: 14677

Notice that only one page was returned. This web crawler was able to identify and ignore previous versions of the main web page.

We could perform further processing, but this example provides some insight into how the API works. Significant amounts of information can be obtained when visiting a page. In the example, we only used the URL and the length of the text. The following is a sample of other data that you may be interested in obtaining:

URL path
Parent URL
Anchor
HTML text
Outgoing links
Document ID

Web scraping in Java

Web scraping is the process of extracting information from a web page. The page is typically formatted using a series of HTML tags. An HTML parser is used to navigate through a page or series of pages and to access the page's data or metadata.

Jsoup (https://jsoup.org/) is an open source Java library that facilitates extracting and manipulating HTML documents using an HTML parser. It is used for a number of purposes, including web scraping, extracting specific elements from an HTML page, and cleaning up HTML documents.

There are several ways of obtaining an HTML document that may be useful. The HTML document can be extracted from a:

URL
String
File

The first approach is illustrated next where the Wikipedia page for data science is loaded into a Document object. This Jsoup object represents the HTML document. The connect method connects to the site and the get method retrieves the document:

    try { 
        Document document = Jsoup.connect( 
            "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science").get(); 
        ... 
     } catch (IOException ex) { 
        // Handle exception 
    }

Loading from a file uses the File class as shown next. The overloaded parse method uses the file to create the document object:

    try { 
        File file = new File("Example.html"); 
        Document document = Jsoup.parse(file, "UTF-8", ""); 
        ... 
    } catch (IOException ex) { 
        // Handle exception 
    }

The Example.html file follows:

<html> 
<head><title>Example Document</title></head> 
<body> 
<p>The body of the document</p> 
Interesting Links: 
<br> 
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science">Data Science</a> 
<br> 
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jsoup">Jsoup</a> 
<br> 
Images: 
<br> 
 <img src="eyechart.jpg" alt="Eye Chart">  
</body> 
</html>

To create a Document object from a string, we will use the following sequence where the parse method processes the string that duplicates the previous HTML file:

    String html = "<html>\n" 
        + "<head><title>Example Document</title></head>\n" 
        + "<body>\n" 
        + "<p>The body of the document</p>\n" 
        + "Interesting Links:\n" 
        + "<br>\n" 
        + "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science">" + 
          "DataScience</a>\n"
        + "<br>\n" 
        + "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jsoup">" + 
          "Jsoup</a>\n"
        + "<br>\n" 
        + "Images:\n" 
        + "<br>\n" 
        + " <img src="eyechart.jpg" alt="Eye Chart"> \n"
        + "</body>\n" 
        + "</html>"; 
    Document document = Jsoup.parse(html);

The Document class possesses a number of useful methods. The title method returns the title. To get the text contents of the document, the select method is used. This method uses a string specifying the element of a document to retrieve:

    String title = document.title(); 
    out.println("Title: " + title); 
    Elements element = document.select("body"); 
    out.println("  Text: " + element.text());

The output for the Wikipedia data science page is shown here. It has been shortened to conserve space:

Title: Data science - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Text: Data science From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Not to be confused with information science. Part of a 
...
policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view

The parameter type of the select method is a string. By using a string, the type of information selected is easily changed. Details on how to formulate this string are found at the jsoup Javadocs for the Selector class at https://jsoup.org/apidocs/:

We can use the select method to retrieve the images in a document, as shown here:

    Elements images = document.select("img[src$=.png]"); 
    for (Element image : images) { 
        out.println("\nImage: " + image); 
    }

The output for the Wikipedia data science page is shown here. It has been shortened to conserve space:

Image: <img alt="Data Visualization" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/...>
Image: <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/...>

Links can be easily retrieved as shown next:

    Elements links = document.select("a[href]"); 
    for (Element link : links) { 
        out.println("Link: " + link.attr("href") 
            + " Text: " + link.text()); 
    }

The output for the Example.html page is shown here:

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science Text: Data Science
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jsoup Text: Jsoup

jsoup possesses many additional capabilities. However, this example demonstrates the web scraping process. There are also other Java HTML parsers available. A comparison of Java HTML parser, among others, can be found at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_HTML_parsers.

Using API calls to access common social media sites

Social media contain a wealth of information that can be processed and is used by many data analysis applications. In this section, we will illustrate how to access a few of these sources using their Java APIs. Most of them require some sort of access key, which is normally easy to obtain. We start with a discussion on the OAuth class, which provides one approach to authenticating access to a data source.

When working with the type of data source, it is important to keep in mind that the data is not always public. While it may be accessible, the owner of the data may be an individual who does not necessarily want the information shared. Most APIs provide a means to determine how the data can be distributed, and these requests should be honored. When private information is used, permission from the author must be obtained.

In addition, these sites have limits on the number of requests that can be made. Keep this in mind when pulling data from a site. If these limits need to be exceeded, then most sites provide a way of doing this.

Using OAuth to authenticate users

OAuth is an open standard used to authenticate users to many different websites. A resource owner effectively delegates access to a server resource without having to share their credentials. It works over HTTPS. OAuth 2.0 succeeded OAuth and is not backwards compatible. It provides client developers a simple way of providing authentication. Several companies use OAuth 2.0 including PayPal, Comcast, and Blizzard Entertainment.

A list of OAuth 2.0 providers is found at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_OAuth_providers. We will use several of these in our discussions.

Handing Twitter

The sheer volume of data and the popularity of the site, among celebrities and the general public alike, make Twitter a valuable resource for mining social media data. Twitter is a popular social media platform allowing users to read and post short messages called tweets. Twitter provides API support for posting and pulling tweets, including streaming data from all public users. While there are services available for pulling the entire set of public tweet data, we are going to examine other options that, while limiting in the amount of data retrieved at one time, are available at no cost.

We are going to focus on the Twitter API for retrieving streaming data. There are other options for retrieving tweets from a specific user as well as posting data to a specific account but we will not be addressing those in this chapter. The public stream API, at the default access level, allows the user to pull a sample of public tweets currently streaming on Twitter. It is possible to refine the data by specifying parameters to track keywords, specific users, and location.

We are going to use HBC, a Java HTTP client, for this example. You can download a sample HBC application at https://github.com/twitter/hbc. If you prefer to use a different HTTP client, ensure it will return incremental response data. The Apache HTTP client is one option. Before you can create the HTTP connection, you must first create a Twitter account and an application within that account. To get started with the app, visit apps.twitter.com. Once your app is created, you will be assigned a consumer key, consumer secret, access token, and access secret token. We will also use OAuth, as discussed previously in this chapter.

First, we will write a method to perform the authentication and request data from Twitter. The parameters for our method are the authentication information given to us by Twitter when we created our app. We will create a BlockingQueue object to hold our streaming data. For this example, we will set a default capacity of 10,000. We will also specify our endpoint and turn off stall warnings:

    public static void streamTwitter( 
        String consumerKey, String consumerSecret,  
        String accessToken, String accessSecret)  
            throws InterruptedException { 
 
        BlockingQueue<String> statusQueue =  
            new LinkedBlockingQueue<String>(10000); 
        StatusesSampleEndpoint ending =  
            new StatusesSampleEndpoint(); 
        ending.stallWarnings(false); 
        ... 
    }

Next, we create an Authentication object using OAuth1, a variation of the OAuth class. We can then build our connection client and complete the HTTP connection:

    Authentication twitterAuth = new OAuth1(consumerKey,  
        consumerSecret, accessToken, accessSecret); 
    BasicClient twitterClient = new ClientBuilder() 
            .name("Twitter client") 
            .hosts(Constants.STREAM_HOST) 
            .endpoint(ending) 
            .authentication(twitterAuth) 
            .processor(new StringDelimitedProcessor(statusQueue)) 
            .build(); 
    twitterClient.connect();

For the purposes of this example, we will simply read the messages received from the stream and print them to the screen. The messages are returned in JSON format and the decision of how to process them in a real application will depend upon the purpose and limitations of that application:

    for (int msgRead = 0; msgRead < 1000; msgRead++) { 
      if (twitterClient.isDone()) { 
        out.println(twitterClient.getExitEvent().getMessage()); 
        break; 
      } 
 
      String msg = statusQueue.poll(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS); 
      if (msg == null) { 
        out.println("Waited 10 seconds - no message received"); 
      } else { 
        out.println(msg); 
      } 
    } 
    twitterClient.stop();

To execute our method, we simply pass our authentication information to the streamTwitter method. For security purposes, we have replaced our personal keys here. Authentication information should always be protected:

    public static void main(String[] args) { 
   
      try { 
        SampleStreamExample.streamTwitter( 
            myKey, mySecret, myToken, myAccess);  
      } catch (InterruptedException e) { 
        out.println(e); 
      } 
    }

Here is truncated sample data retrieved using the methods listed above. Your data will vary based upon Twitter's live stream, but it should resemble this example:

{"created_at":"Fri May 20 15:47:21 +0000 2016","id":733685552789098496,"id_str":"733685552789098496","text":"bwisit si em bahala sya","source":"\u003ca href="http:\/\/twitter.com" rel="nofollow"\u003eTwitter Web 
...
ntions":[],"symbols":[]},"favorited":false,"retweeted":false,"filter_level":"low","lang":"tl","timestamp_ms":"1463759241660"}

Twitter also provides support for pulling all data for one specific user account, as well as posting data directly to an account. A REST API is also available and provides support for specific queries via the search API. These also use the OAuth standard and return data in JSON files.

Handling Wikipedia

Wikipedia (https://www.wikipedia.org/) is a useful source of text and image type information. It is an Internet encyclopedia that hosts 38 million articles written in over 250 languages (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia). As such, it is useful to know how to programmatically access its contents.

MediaWiki is an open source wiki application that supports wiki type sites. It is used to support Wikipedia and many other sites. The MediaWiki API (http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/API) provides access to a wiki's data and metadata over HTTP. An application, using this API, can log in, read data, and post changes to a site.

There are several Java APIs that support programmatic access to a wiki site as listed at https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/API:Client_code#Java. To demonstrate Java access to a wiki we will use Bliki found at https://bitbucket.org/axelclk/info.bliki.wiki/wiki/Home. It provides good access and is easy to use for most basic operations.

The MediaWiki API is complex and has many features. The intent of this section is to illustrate the basic process of obtaining text from a Wikipedia article using this API. It is not possible to cover the API completely here.

We will use the following classes from the info.bliki.api and info.bliki.wiki.model packages:

Page: Represents a retrieved page
User: Represents a user
WikiModel: Represents the wiki

Javadocs for Bliki are found at http://www.javadoc.io/doc/info.bliki.wiki/bliki-core/3.1.0.

The following example has been adapted from http://www.integratingstuff.com/2012/04/06/hook-into-wikipedia-using-java-and-the-mediawiki-api/. This example will access the English Wikipedia page for the subject, data science. We start by creating an instance of the User class. The first two arguments of the three-argument constructor are the user ID and password, respectively. In this case, they are empty strings. This combination allows us to read a page without having to set up an account. The third argument is the URL for the MediaWiki API page:

    User user = new User("", "",  
        "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php"); 
    user.login();

An account will enable us to modify the document. The queryContent method returns a list of Page objects for the subjects found in a string array. Each string should be the title of a page. In this example, we access a single page:

    String[] titles = {"Data science"}; 
    List<Page> pageList = user.queryContent(titles);

Each Page object contains the content of a page. There are several methods that will return the contents of the page. For each page, a WikiModel instance is created using the two-argument constructor. The first argument is the image base URL and the second argument is the link base URL. These URLs use Wiki variables called image and title, which will be replaced when creating links:

    for (Page page : pageList) { 
        WikiModel wikiModel = new WikiModel("${image}",  
            "${title}"); 
        ... 
    }

The render method will take the wiki page and render it to HTML. There is also a method to render the page to a PDF document:

    String htmlText = wikiModel.render(page.toString());

The HTML text is then displayed:

    out.println(htmlText);

A partial listing of the output follows:

<p>PageID: 35458904; NS: 0; Title: Data science; 
Image url: 
Content:
{{distinguish}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Data Visualization}}</p>
<p><b>Data science</b> is an interdisciplinary field about processes and systems to extract <a href="Knowledge" >knowledge</a> 
...

We can also obtain basic information about the article using one of several methods as shown here:

    out.println("Title: " + page.getTitle() + "\n" + 
        "Page ID: " + page.getPageid() + "\n" + 
        "Timestamp: " + page.getCurrentRevision().getTimestamp());

It is also possible to obtain a list of references in the article and a list of the headers. Here, a list of the references is displayed:

    List <Reference> referenceList = wikiModel.getReferences(); 
    out.println(referenceList.size()); 
    for(Reference reference : referenceList) { 
        out.println(reference.getRefString()); 
    }

The following illustrates the process of getting the section headers:

    ITableOfContent toc = wikiModel.getTableOfContent(); 
    List<SectionHeader> sections = toc.getSectionHeaders(); 
    for(SectionHeader sh : sections) { 
        out.println(sh.getFirst()); 
    }

The entire content of Wikipedia can be downloaded. This process is discussed at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Database_download.

It may be desirable to set up your own Wikipedia server to handle your request.

Handling Flickr

Flickr (https://www.flickr.com/) is an online photo management and sharing application. It is a possible source for images and videos. The Flickr Developer Guide (https://www.flickr.com/services/developer/) is a good starting point to learn more about Flickr's API.

One of the first steps to using the Flickr API is to request an API key. This key is used to sign your API requests. The process to obtain a key starts at https://www.flickr.com/services/apps/create/. Both commercial and noncommercial keys are available. When you obtain a key you will also get a "secret." Both of these are required to use the API.

We will illustrate the process of locating and downloading images from Flickr. The process involves:

Creating a Flickr class instance
Specifying the search parameters for a query
Performing the search
Downloading the image

A FlickrException or IOException may be thrown during this process. There are several APIs that support Flickr access. We will be using Flickr4Java, found at https://github.com/callmeal/Flickr4Java. The Flickr4Java Javadocs is found at http://flickrj.sourceforge.net/api/. We will start with a try block and the apikey and secret declarations:

    try { 
        String apikey = "Your API key"; 
        String secret = "Your secret"; 
 
    } catch (FlickrException | IOException ex) { 
        // Handle exceptions 
    }

The Flickr instance is created next, where the apikey and secret are supplied as the first two parameters. The last parameter specifies the transfer technique used to access Flickr servers. Currently, the REST transport is supported using the REST class:

    Flickr flickr = new Flickr(apikey, secret, new REST());

To search for images, we will use the SearchParameters class. This class supports a number of criteria that will narrow down the number of images returned from a query and includes such criteria as latitude, longitude, media type, and user ID. In the following sequence, the setBBox method specifies the longitude and latitude for the search. The parameters are (in order): minimum longitude, minimum latitude, maximum longitude, and maximum latitude. The setMedia method specifies the type of media. There are three possible arguments — "all", "photos", and "videos":

    SearchParameters searchParameters = new SearchParameters(); 
    searchParameters.setBBox("-180", "-90", "180", "90"); 
    searchParameters.setMedia("photos");

The PhotosInterface class possesses a search method that uses the SearchParameters instance to retrieve a list of photos. The getPhotosInterface method returns an instance of the PhotosInterface class, as shown next. The SearchParameters instance is the first parameter. The second parameter determines how many photos are retrieved per page and the third parameter is the offset. A PhotoList class instance is returned:

    PhotosInterface pi = new PhotosInterface(apikey, secret,  
        new REST()); 
    PhotoList<Photo> list = pi.search(searchParameters, 10, 0);

The next sequence illustrates the use of several methods to get information about the images retrieved. Each Photo instance is accessed using the get method. The title, image format, public flag, and photo URL are displayed:

    out.println("Image List"); 
    for (int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) { 
        Photo photo = list.get(i); 
        out.println("Image: " + i + 
            `"\nTitle: " + photo.getTitle() +  
            "\nMedia: " + photo.getOriginalFormat() + 
            "\nPublic: " + photo.isPublicFlag() + 
            "\nUrl: " + photo.getUrl() + 
            "\n"); 
    } 
    out.println();

A partial listing is shown here where many of the specific values have been modified to protect the original data:

Image List
Image: 0
Title: XYZ Image
Media: jpg
Public: true
Url: https://flickr.com/photos/7723...@N02/269...
Image: 1
Title: IMG_5555.jpg
Media: jpg
Public: true
Url: https://flickr.com/photos/2665...@N07/264...
Image: 2
Title: DSC05555
Media: jpg
Public: true
Url: https://flickr.com/photos/1179...@N04/264...

The list of images returned by this example will vary since we used a fairly wide search range and images are being added all of the time.

There are two approaches that we can use to download an image. The first uses the image's URL and the second uses a Photo object. The image's URL can be obtained from a number of sources. We use the Photo class getUrl method for this example.

In the following sequence, we obtain an instance of PhotosInterface using its constructor to illustrate an alternate approach:

    PhotosInterface pi = new PhotosInterface(apikey, secret,  
        new REST());

We get the first Photo instance from the previous list and then its getUrl to get the image's URL. The PhotosInterface class's getImage method returns a BufferedImage object representing the image as shown here:

    Photo currentPhoto = list.get(0);  
    BufferedImage bufferedImage =  
        pi.getImage(currentPhoto.getUrl());

The image is then saved to a file using the ImageIO class:

    File outputfile = new File("image.jpg"); 
    ImageIO.write(bufferedImage, "jpg", outputfile);

The getImage method is overloaded. Here, the Photo instance and the size of the image desired are used as arguments to get the BufferedImage instance:

    bufferedImage = pi.getImage(currentPhoto, Size.SMALL);

The image can be saved to a file using the previous technique.

The Flickr4Java API supports a number of other techniques for working with Flickr images.

Handling YouTube

YouTube is a popular video site where users can upload and share videos (https://www.youtube.com/). It has been used to share humorous videos, provide instructions on how to do any number of things, and share information among its viewers. It is a useful source of information as it captures the thoughts and ideas of a diverse group of people. This provides an interesting opportunity to analysis and gain insight into human behavior.

YouTube can serve as a useful source of videos and video metadata. A Java API is available to access its contents (https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/). Detailed documentation of the API is found at https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/docs/.

In this section, we will demonstrate how to search for videos by keyword and retrieve information of interest. We will also show how to download a video. To use the YouTube API, you will need a Google account, which can be obtained at https://www.google.com/accounts/NewAccount. Next, create an account in the Google Developer's Console (https://console.developers.google.com/). API access is supported using either API keys or OAuth 2.0 credentials. The project creation process and keys are discussed at https://developers.google.com/youtube/registering_an_application#create_project.

Searching by keyword

The process of searching for videos by keyword is adapted from https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/code_samples/java#search_by_keyword. Other potentially useful code examples can be found at https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/code_samples/java. The process has been simplified so that we can focus on the search process. We start with a try block and the creation of a YouTube instance. This class provides the basic access to the API. Javadocs for this API is found at https://developers.google.com/resources/api-libraries/documentation/youtube/v3/java/latest/.

The YouTube.Builder class is used to construct a YouTube instance. Its constructor takes three arguments:

Transport: Object used for HTTP
JSONFactory: Used to process JSON objects
HttpRequestInitializer: None is needed for this example

Many of the APIs responses will be in the form of JSON objects. The YouTube class' setApplicationName method gives it a name and the build method creates a new YouTube instance:

    try { 
        YouTube youtube = new YouTube.Builder( 
            Auth.HTTP_TRANSPORT, 
            Auth.JSON_FACTORY, 
            new HttpRequestInitializer() { 
                public void initialize(HttpRequest request)  
                        throws IOException { 
                } 
            }) 
                .setApplicationName("application_name") 
        ... 
    } catch (GoogleJSONResponseException ex) { 
        // Handle exceptions 
    } catch (IOException ex) { 
        // Handle exceptions 
    }

Next, we initialize a string to hold the search term of interest. In this case, we will look for videos containing the word cats:

    String queryTerm = "cats";

The class, YouTube.Search.List, maintains a collection of search results. The YouTube class's search method specifies the type of resource to be returned. In this case, the string specifies the id and snippet portions of the search result to be returned:

    YouTube.Search.List search = youtube 
        .search() 
        .list("id,snippet");

The search result is a JSON object that has the following structure. It is described in more detail at https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/docs/playlistItems#methods. In the previous sequence, only the id and snippet parts of a search will be returned, resulting in a more efficient operation:

{ 
  "kind": "youtube#searchResult", 
  "etag": etag, 
  "id": { 
    "kind": string, 
    "videoId": string, 
    "channelId": string, 
    "playlistId": string 
  }, 
  "snippet": { 
    "publishedAt": datetime, 
    "channelId": string, 
    "title": string, 
    "description": string, 
    "thumbnails": { 
      (key): { 
        "url": string, 
        "width": unsigned integer, 
        "height": unsigned integer 
      } 
    }, 
    "channelTitle": string, 
    "liveBroadcastContent": string 
  } 
}

Next, we need to specify the API key and various search parameters. The query term is specified, as well as the type of media to be returned. In this case, only videos will be returned. The other two options include channel and playlist:

    String apiKey = "Your API key"; 
    search.setKey(apiKey); 
    search.setQ(queryTerm); 
    search.setType("video");

In addition, we further specify the fields to be returned as shown here. These correspond to fields of the JSON object:

    search.setFields("items(id/kind,id/videoId,snippet/title," +  
        "snippet/description,snippet/thumbnails/default/url)");

We also specify the maximum number of results to retrieve using the setMaxResults method:

    search.setMaxResults(10L);

The execute method will perform the actual query, returning a SearchListResponse object. Its getItems method returns a list of SearchResult objects, one for each video retrieved:

    SearchListResponse searchResponse = search.execute(); 
    List<SearchResult> searchResultList =  
        searchResponse.getItems();

In this example, we do not iterate through each video returned. Instead, we retrieve the first video and display information about the video. The SearchResult video variable allows us to access different parts of the JSON object, as shown here:

    SearchResult video = searchResultList.iterator().next(); 
    Thumbnail thumbnail = video 
        .getSnippet().getThumbnails().getDefault(); 
 
    out.println("Kind: " + video.getKind()); 
    out.println("Video Id: " + video.getId().getVideoId()); 
    out.println("Title: " + video.getSnippet().getTitle()); 
    out.println("Description: " +  
        video.getSnippet().getDescription()); 
    out.println("Thumbnail: " + thumbnail.getUrl());

One possible output follows where parts of the output have been modified:

Kind: null
Video Id: tntO...
Title: Funny Cats ...
Description: Check out the ...
Thumbnail: https://i.ytimg.com/vi/tntO.../default.jpg

We have skipped many error checking steps to simplify the example, but these should be considered when implementing this in a business application.

If we need to download the video, one of the simplest ways is to use axet/wget found at https://github.com/axet/wget. It provides an easy-to-use technique to download the video using its video ID.

In the following example, a URL is created using the video ID. You will need to provide a video ID for this to work properly. The file is saved to the current directory with the video's title as the filename:

    String url = "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=videoID"; 
    String path = "."; 
    VGet vget = new VGet(new URL(url), new File(path)); 
    vget.download();

There are other more sophisticated download techniques found at the GitHub site.

Using the HttpUrlConnection class

The contents of a web page can be accessed using the HttpUrlConnection class. This is a low-level approach that requires the developer to do a lot of footwork to extract relevant content. However, he or she is able to exercise greater control over how the content is handled. In some situations, this approach may be preferable to using other API libraries.

We will demonstrate how to download the content of Wikipedia's data science page using this class. We start with a try/catch block to handle exceptions. A URL object is created using the data science URL string. The openConnection method will create a connection to the Wikipedia server as shown here:

    try { 
        URL url = new URL( 
            "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science"); 
        HttpURLConnection connection = (HttpURLConnection)  
            url.openConnection(); 
       ... 
    } catch (MalformedURLException ex) { 
        // Handle exceptions 
    } catch (IOException ex) { 
        // Handle exceptions 
    }

The connection object is initialized with an HTTP GET command. The connect method is then executed to connect to the server:

    connection.setRequestMethod("GET"); 
    connection.connect();

Assuming no errors were encountered, we can determine whether the response was successful using the getResponseCode method. A normal return value is 200. The content of a web page can vary. For example, the getContentType method returns a string describing the page's content. The getContentLength method returns its length:

    out.println("Response Code: " + connection.getResponseCode()); 
    out.println("Content Type: " + connection.getContentType()); 
    out.println("Content Length: " + connection.getContentLength());

Assuming that we get an HTML formatted page, the next sequence illustrates how to get this content. A BufferedReader instance is created where one line at a time is read in from the web site and appended to a BufferedReader instance. The buffer is then displayed:

    InputStreamReader isr = new InputStreamReader((InputStream)  
        connection.getContent()); 
    BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(isr); 
    StringBuilder buffer = new StringBuilder(); 
    String line; 
    do { 
        line = br.readLine(); 
        buffer.append(line + "\n"); 
    } while (line != null); 
    out.println(buffer.toString());

The abbreviated output is shown here:

Response Code: 200 
Content Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8 
Content Length: -1
<!DOCTYPE html> 
<html lang="en" dir="ltr" class="client-nojs"> 
<head> 
<meta charset="UTF-8"/>
<title>Data science - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</title> 
<script>document.documentElement.className =
...
"wgHostname":"mw1251"});});</script> 
</body>
</html>

While this is feasible, there are easier methods for getting the contents of a web page. One of these techniques is discussed in the next section.

Web crawlers in Java

Web crawling is the process of traversing a series of interconnected web pages and extracting relevant information from those pages. It does this by isolating and then following links on a page. While there are many precompiled datasets readily available, it may still be necessary to collect data directly off the Internet. Some sources such as news sites are continually being updated and need to be revisited from time to time.

A web crawler is an application that visits various sites and collects information. The web crawling process consists of a series of steps:

Select a URL to visit
Fetch the page
Parse the page
Extract relevant content
Extract relevant URLs to visit

This process is repeated for each URL visited.

There are several issues that need to be considered when fetching and parsing a page such as:

Page importance: We do not want to process irrelevant pages.
Exclusively HTML: We will not normally follow links to images, for example.
Spider traps: We want to bypass sites that may result in an infinite number of requests. This can occur with dynamically generated pages where one request leads to another.
Repetition: It is important to avoid crawling the same page more than once.
Politeness: Do not make an excessive number of requests to a website. Observe the robot.txt files; they specify which parts of a site should not be crawled.

The process of creating a web crawler can be daunting. For all but the simplest needs, it is recommended that one of several open source web crawlers be used. A partial list follows:

Nutch: http://nutch.apache.org
crawler4j: https://github.com/yasserg/crawler4j
JSpider: http://j-spider.sourceforge.net/
WebSPHINX: http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~rcm/websphinx/
Heritrix: https://webarchive.jira.com/wiki/display/Heritrix

We can either create our own web crawler or use an existing crawler and in this chapter we will examine both approaches. For specialized processing, it can be desirable to use a custom crawler. We will demonstrate how to create a simple web crawler in Java to provide more insight into how web crawlers work. This will be followed by a brief discussion of other web crawlers.

Creating your own web crawler

Now that we have a basic understanding of web crawlers, we are ready to create our own. In this simple web crawler, we will keep track of the pages visited using ArrayList instances. In addition, jsoup will be used to parse a web page and we will limit the number of pages we visit. Jsoup (https://jsoup.org/) is an open source HTML parser. This example demonstrates the basic structure of a web crawler and also highlights some of the issues involved in creating a web crawler.

We will use the SimpleWebCrawler class, as declared here:

public class SimpleWebCrawler { 
 
    private String topic; 
    private String startingURL; 
    private String urlLimiter; 
    private final int pageLimit = 20; 
    private ArrayList<String> visitedList = new ArrayList<>(); 
    private ArrayList<String> pageList = new ArrayList<>(); 
    ... 
    public static void main(String[] args) { 
        new SimpleWebCrawler(); 
    } 
 
}

The instance variables are detailed here:

Variable	Use
`topic`	The keyword that needs to be in a page for the page to be accepted
`startingURL`	The URL of the first page
`urlLimiter`	A string that must be contained in a link before it will be followed
`pageLimit`	The maximum number of pages to retrieve
`visitedList`	The `ArrayList` containing pages that have already been visited
`pageList`	An `ArrayList` containing the URLs of the pages of interest

In the SimpleWebCrawler constructor, we initialize the instance variables to begin the search from the Wikipedia page for Bishop Rock, an island off the coast of Italy. This was chosen to minimize the number of pages that might be retrieved. As we will see, there are many more Wikipedia pages dealing with Bishop Rock than one might think.

The urlLimiter variable is set to Bishop_Rock, which will restrict the embedded links to follow to just those containing that string. Each page of interest must contain the value stored in the topic variable. The visitPage method performs the actual crawl:

    public SimpleWebCrawler() { 
        startingURL = https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_Rock, " 
            + "Isles_of_Scilly"; 
        urlLimiter = "Bishop_Rock"; 
        topic = "shipping route"; 
        visitPage(startingURL); 
    }

In the visitPage method, the pageList ArrayList is checked to see whether the maximum number of accepted pages has been exceeded. If the limit has been exceeded, then the search terminates:

    public void visitPage(String url) { 
        if (pageList.size() >= pageLimit) { 
            return; 
        } 
       ... 
    }

If the page has already been visited, then we ignore it. Otherwise, it is added to the visited list:

    if (visitedList.contains(url)) { 
        // URL already visited 
    } else { 
        visitedList.add(url); 
            ... 
    }

Jsoup is used to parse the page and return a Document object. There are many different exceptions and problems that can occur such as a malformed URL, retrieval timeouts, or simply bad links. The catch block needs to handle these types of problems. We will provide a more in-depth explanation of jsoup in web scraping in Java:

    try { 
        Document doc = Jsoup.connect(url).get(); 
            ... 
        } 
    } catch (Exception ex) { 
        // Handle exceptions 
    }

If the document contains the topic text, then the link is displayed and added to the pageList ArrayList. Each embedded link is obtained, and if the link contains the limiting text, then the visitPage method is called recursively:

    if (doc.text().contains(topic)) { 
        out.println((pageList.size() + 1) + ": [" + url + "]"); 
        pageList.add(url); 
 
        // Process page links 
        Elements questions = doc.select("a[href]"); 
        for (Element link : questions) { 
            if (link.attr("href").contains(urlLimiter)) { 
                visitPage(link.attr("abs:href")); 
            } 
        } 
    }

This approach only examines links in those pages that contain the topic text. Moving the for loop outside of the if statement will test the links for all pages.

The output follows:

1: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_Rock,_Isles_of_Scilly]
2: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_Rock_Lighthouse]
3: [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bishop_Rock,_Isles_of_Scilly&oldid=717634231#Lighthouse]
4: [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bishop_Rock,_Isles_of_Scilly&diff=prev&oldid=717634231]
5: [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bishop_Rock,_Isles_of_Scilly&oldid=716622943]
6: [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bishop_Rock,_Isles_of_Scilly&diff=prev&oldid=716622943]
7: [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bishop_Rock,_Isles_of_Scilly&oldid=716608512]
8: [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bishop_Rock,_Isles_of_Scilly&diff=prev&oldid=716608512]
...
20: [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bishop_Rock,_Isles_of_Scilly&diff=prev&oldid=716603919]

In this example, we did not save the results of the crawl in an external source. Normally this is necessary and can be stored in a file or database.

Using the crawler4j web crawler

Here we will illustrate the use of the crawler4j (https://github.com/yasserg/crawler4j) web crawler. We will use an adapted version of the basic crawler found at https://github.com/yasserg/crawler4j/tree/master/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/crawler4j/examples/basi c. We will create two classes: CrawlerController and SampleCrawler. The former class set ups the crawler while the latter contains the logic that controls what pages will be processed.

As with our previous crawler, we will crawl the Wikipedia article dealing with Bishop Rock. The results using this crawler will be smaller as many extraneous pages are ignored.

Let's look at the CrawlerController class first. There are several parameters that are used with the crawler as detailed here:

Crawl storage folder: The location where crawl data is stored
Number of crawlers: This controls the number of threads used for the crawl
Politeness delay: How many seconds to pause between requests
Crawl depth: How deep the crawl will go
Maximum number of pages to fetch: How many pages to fetch
Binary data: Whether to crawl binary data such as PDF files

The basic class is shown here:

public class CrawlerController { 
 
  public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { 
    int numberOfCrawlers = 2; 
    CrawlConfig config = new CrawlConfig(); 
    String crawlStorageFolder = "data"; 
     
    config.setCrawlStorageFolder(crawlStorageFolder); 
    config.setPolitenessDelay(500); 
    config.setMaxDepthOfCrawling(2); 
    config.setMaxPagesToFetch(20); 
    config.setIncludeBinaryContentInCrawling(false); 
    ... 
  } 
}

Next, the CrawlController class is created and configured. Notice the RobotstxtConfig and RobotstxtServer classes used to handle robot.txt files. These files contain instructions that are intended to be read by a web crawler. They provide direction to help a crawler to do a better job such as specifying which parts of a site should not be crawled. This is useful for auto generated pages:

    PageFetcher pageFetcher = new PageFetcher(config); 
    RobotstxtConfig robotstxtConfig = new RobotstxtConfig(); 
    RobotstxtServer robotstxtServer =  
        new RobotstxtServer(robotstxtConfig, pageFetcher); 
    CrawlController controller =  
        new CrawlController(config, pageFetcher, robotstxtServer);

The crawler needs to start at one or more pages. The addSeed method adds the starting pages. While we used the method only once here, it can be used as many times as needed:

    controller.addSeed( 
      "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_Rock,_Isles_of_Scilly");

The start method will begin the crawling process:

    controller.start(SampleCrawler.class, numberOfCrawlers);

The SampleCrawler class contains two methods of interest. The first is the shouldVisit method that determines whether a page will be visited and the visit method that actually handles the page. We start with the class declaration and the declaration of a Java regular expression class Pattern object. It will be one way of determining whether a page will be visited. In this declaration, standard images are specified and will be ignored:

    public class SampleCrawler extends WebCrawler { 
        private static final Pattern IMAGE_EXTENSIONS =  
            Pattern.compile(".*\\.(bmp|gif|jpg|png)$"); 
 
        ... 
    }

The shouldVisit method is passed a reference to the page where this URL was found along with the URL. If any of the images match, the method returns false and the page is ignored. In addition, the URL must start with https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/. We added this to restrict our searches to the Wikipedia website:

    public boolean shouldVisit(Page referringPage, WebURL url) { 
        String href = url.getURL().toLowerCase(); 
        if (IMAGE_EXTENSIONS.matcher(href).matches()) { 
            return false; 
        } 
        return href.startsWith("https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/"); 
    }

The visit method is passed a Page object representing the page being visited. In this implementation, only those pages containing the string shipping route will be processed. This further restricts the pages visited. When we find such a page, its URL, Text, and Text length are displayed:

    public void visit(Page page) { 
        String url = page.getWebURL().getURL(); 
 
        if (page.getParseData() instanceof HtmlParseData) { 
            HtmlParseData htmlParseData =  
                (HtmlParseData) page.getParseData(); 
            String text = htmlParseData.getText(); 
            if (text.contains("shipping route")) { 
                out.println("\nURL: " + url); 
                out.println("Text: " + text); 
                out.println("Text length: " + text.length()); 
            } 
        } 
    }

The following is the truncated output of the program when executed:

URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_Rock,_Isles_of_Scilly
Text: Bishop Rock, Isles of Scilly...From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia ... Jump to: ... navigation, search For the Bishop Rock in the Pacific Ocean, see Cortes Bank. Bishop Rock Bishop Rock Lighthouse (2005)
...
Text length: 14677

Notice that only one page was returned. This web crawler was able to identify and ignore previous versions of the main web page.

We could perform further processing, but this example provides some insight into how the API works. Significant amounts of information can be obtained when visiting a page. In the example, we only used the URL and the length of the text. The following is a sample of other data that you may be interested in obtaining:

URL path
Parent URL
Anchor
HTML text
Outgoing links
Document ID

Web scraping in Java

Web scraping is the process of extracting information from a web page. The page is typically formatted using a series of HTML tags. An HTML parser is used to navigate through a page or series of pages and to access the page's data or metadata.

Jsoup (https://jsoup.org/) is an open source Java library that facilitates extracting and manipulating HTML documents using an HTML parser. It is used for a number of purposes, including web scraping, extracting specific elements from an HTML page, and cleaning up HTML documents.

There are several ways of obtaining an HTML document that may be useful. The HTML document can be extracted from a:

URL
String
File

The first approach is illustrated next where the Wikipedia page for data science is loaded into a Document object. This Jsoup object represents the HTML document. The connect method connects to the site and the get method retrieves the document:

    try { 
        Document document = Jsoup.connect( 
            "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science").get(); 
        ... 
     } catch (IOException ex) { 
        // Handle exception 
    }

Loading from a file uses the File class as shown next. The overloaded parse method uses the file to create the document object:

    try { 
        File file = new File("Example.html"); 
        Document document = Jsoup.parse(file, "UTF-8", ""); 
        ... 
    } catch (IOException ex) { 
        // Handle exception 
    }

The Example.html file follows:

<html> 
<head><title>Example Document</title></head> 
<body> 
<p>The body of the document</p> 
Interesting Links: 
<br> 
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science">Data Science</a> 
<br> 
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jsoup">Jsoup</a> 
<br> 
Images: 
<br> 
 <img src="eyechart.jpg" alt="Eye Chart">  
</body> 
</html>

To create a Document object from a string, we will use the following sequence where the parse method processes the string that duplicates the previous HTML file:

    String html = "<html>\n" 
        + "<head><title>Example Document</title></head>\n" 
        + "<body>\n" 
        + "<p>The body of the document</p>\n" 
        + "Interesting Links:\n" 
        + "<br>\n" 
        + "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science">" + 
          "DataScience</a>\n"
        + "<br>\n" 
        + "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jsoup">" + 
          "Jsoup</a>\n"
        + "<br>\n" 
        + "Images:\n" 
        + "<br>\n" 
        + " <img src="eyechart.jpg" alt="Eye Chart"> \n"
        + "</body>\n" 
        + "</html>"; 
    Document document = Jsoup.parse(html);

The Document class possesses a number of useful methods. The title method returns the title. To get the text contents of the document, the select method is used. This method uses a string specifying the element of a document to retrieve:

    String title = document.title(); 
    out.println("Title: " + title); 
    Elements element = document.select("body"); 
    out.println("  Text: " + element.text());

The output for the Wikipedia data science page is shown here. It has been shortened to conserve space:

Title: Data science - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Text: Data science From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Not to be confused with information science. Part of a 
...
policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view

The parameter type of the select method is a string. By using a string, the type of information selected is easily changed. Details on how to formulate this string are found at the jsoup Javadocs for the Selector class at https://jsoup.org/apidocs/:

We can use the select method to retrieve the images in a document, as shown here:

    Elements images = document.select("img[src$=.png]"); 
    for (Element image : images) { 
        out.println("\nImage: " + image); 
    }

The output for the Wikipedia data science page is shown here. It has been shortened to conserve space:

Image: <img alt="Data Visualization" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/...>
Image: <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/...>

Links can be easily retrieved as shown next:

    Elements links = document.select("a[href]"); 
    for (Element link : links) { 
        out.println("Link: " + link.attr("href") 
            + " Text: " + link.text()); 
    }

The output for the Example.html page is shown here:

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science Text: Data Science
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jsoup Text: Jsoup

jsoup possesses many additional capabilities. However, this example demonstrates the web scraping process. There are also other Java HTML parsers available. A comparison of Java HTML parser, among others, can be found at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_HTML_parsers.

Using API calls to access common social media sites

Social media contain a wealth of information that can be processed and is used by many data analysis applications. In this section, we will illustrate how to access a few of these sources using their Java APIs. Most of them require some sort of access key, which is normally easy to obtain. We start with a discussion on the OAuth class, which provides one approach to authenticating access to a data source.

When working with the type of data source, it is important to keep in mind that the data is not always public. While it may be accessible, the owner of the data may be an individual who does not necessarily want the information shared. Most APIs provide a means to determine how the data can be distributed, and these requests should be honored. When private information is used, permission from the author must be obtained.

In addition, these sites have limits on the number of requests that can be made. Keep this in mind when pulling data from a site. If these limits need to be exceeded, then most sites provide a way of doing this.

Using OAuth to authenticate users

OAuth is an open standard used to authenticate users to many different websites. A resource owner effectively delegates access to a server resource without having to share their credentials. It works over HTTPS. OAuth 2.0 succeeded OAuth and is not backwards compatible. It provides client developers a simple way of providing authentication. Several companies use OAuth 2.0 including PayPal, Comcast, and Blizzard Entertainment.

A list of OAuth 2.0 providers is found at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_OAuth_providers. We will use several of these in our discussions.

Handing Twitter

The sheer volume of data and the popularity of the site, among celebrities and the general public alike, make Twitter a valuable resource for mining social media data. Twitter is a popular social media platform allowing users to read and post short messages called tweets. Twitter provides API support for posting and pulling tweets, including streaming data from all public users. While there are services available for pulling the entire set of public tweet data, we are going to examine other options that, while limiting in the amount of data retrieved at one time, are available at no cost.

We are going to focus on the Twitter API for retrieving streaming data. There are other options for retrieving tweets from a specific user as well as posting data to a specific account but we will not be addressing those in this chapter. The public stream API, at the default access level, allows the user to pull a sample of public tweets currently streaming on Twitter. It is possible to refine the data by specifying parameters to track keywords, specific users, and location.

We are going to use HBC, a Java HTTP client, for this example. You can download a sample HBC application at https://github.com/twitter/hbc. If you prefer to use a different HTTP client, ensure it will return incremental response data. The Apache HTTP client is one option. Before you can create the HTTP connection, you must first create a Twitter account and an application within that account. To get started with the app, visit apps.twitter.com. Once your app is created, you will be assigned a consumer key, consumer secret, access token, and access secret token. We will also use OAuth, as discussed previously in this chapter.

First, we will write a method to perform the authentication and request data from Twitter. The parameters for our method are the authentication information given to us by Twitter when we created our app. We will create a BlockingQueue object to hold our streaming data. For this example, we will set a default capacity of 10,000. We will also specify our endpoint and turn off stall warnings:

    public static void streamTwitter( 
        String consumerKey, String consumerSecret,  
        String accessToken, String accessSecret)  
            throws InterruptedException { 
 
        BlockingQueue<String> statusQueue =  
            new LinkedBlockingQueue<String>(10000); 
        StatusesSampleEndpoint ending =  
            new StatusesSampleEndpoint(); 
        ending.stallWarnings(false); 
        ... 
    }

Next, we create an Authentication object using OAuth1, a variation of the OAuth class. We can then build our connection client and complete the HTTP connection:

    Authentication twitterAuth = new OAuth1(consumerKey,  
        consumerSecret, accessToken, accessSecret); 
    BasicClient twitterClient = new ClientBuilder() 
            .name("Twitter client") 
            .hosts(Constants.STREAM_HOST) 
            .endpoint(ending) 
            .authentication(twitterAuth) 
            .processor(new StringDelimitedProcessor(statusQueue)) 
            .build(); 
    twitterClient.connect();

For the purposes of this example, we will simply read the messages received from the stream and print them to the screen. The messages are returned in JSON format and the decision of how to process them in a real application will depend upon the purpose and limitations of that application:

    for (int msgRead = 0; msgRead < 1000; msgRead++) { 
      if (twitterClient.isDone()) { 
        out.println(twitterClient.getExitEvent().getMessage()); 
        break; 
      } 
 
      String msg = statusQueue.poll(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS); 
      if (msg == null) { 
        out.println("Waited 10 seconds - no message received"); 
      } else { 
        out.println(msg); 
      } 
    } 
    twitterClient.stop();

To execute our method, we simply pass our authentication information to the streamTwitter method. For security purposes, we have replaced our personal keys here. Authentication information should always be protected:

    public static void main(String[] args) { 
   
      try { 
        SampleStreamExample.streamTwitter( 
            myKey, mySecret, myToken, myAccess);  
      } catch (InterruptedException e) { 
        out.println(e); 
      } 
    }

Here is truncated sample data retrieved using the methods listed above. Your data will vary based upon Twitter's live stream, but it should resemble this example:

{"created_at":"Fri May 20 15:47:21 +0000 2016","id":733685552789098496,"id_str":"733685552789098496","text":"bwisit si em bahala sya","source":"\u003ca href="http:\/\/twitter.com" rel="nofollow"\u003eTwitter Web 
...
ntions":[],"symbols":[]},"favorited":false,"retweeted":false,"filter_level":"low","lang":"tl","timestamp_ms":"1463759241660"}

Twitter also provides support for pulling all data for one specific user account, as well as posting data directly to an account. A REST API is also available and provides support for specific queries via the search API. These also use the OAuth standard and return data in JSON files.

Handling Wikipedia

Wikipedia (https://www.wikipedia.org/) is a useful source of text and image type information. It is an Internet encyclopedia that hosts 38 million articles written in over 250 languages (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia). As such, it is useful to know how to programmatically access its contents.

MediaWiki is an open source wiki application that supports wiki type sites. It is used to support Wikipedia and many other sites. The MediaWiki API (http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/API) provides access to a wiki's data and metadata over HTTP. An application, using this API, can log in, read data, and post changes to a site.

There are several Java APIs that support programmatic access to a wiki site as listed at https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/API:Client_code#Java. To demonstrate Java access to a wiki we will use Bliki found at https://bitbucket.org/axelclk/info.bliki.wiki/wiki/Home. It provides good access and is easy to use for most basic operations.

The MediaWiki API is complex and has many features. The intent of this section is to illustrate the basic process of obtaining text from a Wikipedia article using this API. It is not possible to cover the API completely here.

We will use the following classes from the info.bliki.api and info.bliki.wiki.model packages:

Page: Represents a retrieved page
User: Represents a user
WikiModel: Represents the wiki

Javadocs for Bliki are found at http://www.javadoc.io/doc/info.bliki.wiki/bliki-core/3.1.0.

The following example has been adapted from http://www.integratingstuff.com/2012/04/06/hook-into-wikipedia-using-java-and-the-mediawiki-api/. This example will access the English Wikipedia page for the subject, data science. We start by creating an instance of the User class. The first two arguments of the three-argument constructor are the user ID and password, respectively. In this case, they are empty strings. This combination allows us to read a page without having to set up an account. The third argument is the URL for the MediaWiki API page:

    User user = new User("", "",  
        "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php"); 
    user.login();

An account will enable us to modify the document. The queryContent method returns a list of Page objects for the subjects found in a string array. Each string should be the title of a page. In this example, we access a single page:

    String[] titles = {"Data science"}; 
    List<Page> pageList = user.queryContent(titles);

Each Page object contains the content of a page. There are several methods that will return the contents of the page. For each page, a WikiModel instance is created using the two-argument constructor. The first argument is the image base URL and the second argument is the link base URL. These URLs use Wiki variables called image and title, which will be replaced when creating links:

    for (Page page : pageList) { 
        WikiModel wikiModel = new WikiModel("${image}",  
            "${title}"); 
        ... 
    }

The render method will take the wiki page and render it to HTML. There is also a method to render the page to a PDF document:

    String htmlText = wikiModel.render(page.toString());

The HTML text is then displayed:

    out.println(htmlText);

A partial listing of the output follows:

<p>PageID: 35458904; NS: 0; Title: Data science; 
Image url: 
Content:
{{distinguish}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Data Visualization}}</p>
<p><b>Data science</b> is an interdisciplinary field about processes and systems to extract <a href="Knowledge" >knowledge</a> 
...

We can also obtain basic information about the article using one of several methods as shown here:

    out.println("Title: " + page.getTitle() + "\n" + 
        "Page ID: " + page.getPageid() + "\n" + 
        "Timestamp: " + page.getCurrentRevision().getTimestamp());

It is also possible to obtain a list of references in the article and a list of the headers. Here, a list of the references is displayed:

    List <Reference> referenceList = wikiModel.getReferences(); 
    out.println(referenceList.size()); 
    for(Reference reference : referenceList) { 
        out.println(reference.getRefString()); 
    }

The following illustrates the process of getting the section headers:

    ITableOfContent toc = wikiModel.getTableOfContent(); 
    List<SectionHeader> sections = toc.getSectionHeaders(); 
    for(SectionHeader sh : sections) { 
        out.println(sh.getFirst()); 
    }

The entire content of Wikipedia can be downloaded. This process is discussed at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Database_download.

It may be desirable to set up your own Wikipedia server to handle your request.

Handling Flickr

Flickr (https://www.flickr.com/) is an online photo management and sharing application. It is a possible source for images and videos. The Flickr Developer Guide (https://www.flickr.com/services/developer/) is a good starting point to learn more about Flickr's API.

One of the first steps to using the Flickr API is to request an API key. This key is used to sign your API requests. The process to obtain a key starts at https://www.flickr.com/services/apps/create/. Both commercial and noncommercial keys are available. When you obtain a key you will also get a "secret." Both of these are required to use the API.

We will illustrate the process of locating and downloading images from Flickr. The process involves:

Creating a Flickr class instance
Specifying the search parameters for a query
Performing the search
Downloading the image

A FlickrException or IOException may be thrown during this process. There are several APIs that support Flickr access. We will be using Flickr4Java, found at https://github.com/callmeal/Flickr4Java. The Flickr4Java Javadocs is found at http://flickrj.sourceforge.net/api/. We will start with a try block and the apikey and secret declarations:

    try { 
        String apikey = "Your API key"; 
        String secret = "Your secret"; 
 
    } catch (FlickrException | IOException ex) { 
        // Handle exceptions 
    }

The Flickr instance is created next, where the apikey and secret are supplied as the first two parameters. The last parameter specifies the transfer technique used to access Flickr servers. Currently, the REST transport is supported using the REST class:

    Flickr flickr = new Flickr(apikey, secret, new REST());

To search for images, we will use the SearchParameters class. This class supports a number of criteria that will narrow down the number of images returned from a query and includes such criteria as latitude, longitude, media type, and user ID. In the following sequence, the setBBox method specifies the longitude and latitude for the search. The parameters are (in order): minimum longitude, minimum latitude, maximum longitude, and maximum latitude. The setMedia method specifies the type of media. There are three possible arguments — "all", "photos", and "videos":

    SearchParameters searchParameters = new SearchParameters(); 
    searchParameters.setBBox("-180", "-90", "180", "90"); 
    searchParameters.setMedia("photos");

The PhotosInterface class possesses a search method that uses the SearchParameters instance to retrieve a list of photos. The getPhotosInterface method returns an instance of the PhotosInterface class, as shown next. The SearchParameters instance is the first parameter. The second parameter determines how many photos are retrieved per page and the third parameter is the offset. A PhotoList class instance is returned:

    PhotosInterface pi = new PhotosInterface(apikey, secret,  
        new REST()); 
    PhotoList<Photo> list = pi.search(searchParameters, 10, 0);

The next sequence illustrates the use of several methods to get information about the images retrieved. Each Photo instance is accessed using the get method. The title, image format, public flag, and photo URL are displayed:

    out.println("Image List"); 
    for (int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) { 
        Photo photo = list.get(i); 
        out.println("Image: " + i + 
            `"\nTitle: " + photo.getTitle() +  
            "\nMedia: " + photo.getOriginalFormat() + 
            "\nPublic: " + photo.isPublicFlag() + 
            "\nUrl: " + photo.getUrl() + 
            "\n"); 
    } 
    out.println();

A partial listing is shown here where many of the specific values have been modified to protect the original data:

Image List
Image: 0
Title: XYZ Image
Media: jpg
Public: true
Url: https://flickr.com/photos/7723...@N02/269...
Image: 1
Title: IMG_5555.jpg
Media: jpg
Public: true
Url: https://flickr.com/photos/2665...@N07/264...
Image: 2
Title: DSC05555
Media: jpg
Public: true
Url: https://flickr.com/photos/1179...@N04/264...

The list of images returned by this example will vary since we used a fairly wide search range and images are being added all of the time.

There are two approaches that we can use to download an image. The first uses the image's URL and the second uses a Photo object. The image's URL can be obtained from a number of sources. We use the Photo class getUrl method for this example.

In the following sequence, we obtain an instance of PhotosInterface using its constructor to illustrate an alternate approach:

    PhotosInterface pi = new PhotosInterface(apikey, secret,  
        new REST());

We get the first Photo instance from the previous list and then its getUrl to get the image's URL. The PhotosInterface class's getImage method returns a BufferedImage object representing the image as shown here:

    Photo currentPhoto = list.get(0);  
    BufferedImage bufferedImage =  
        pi.getImage(currentPhoto.getUrl());

The image is then saved to a file using the ImageIO class:

    File outputfile = new File("image.jpg"); 
    ImageIO.write(bufferedImage, "jpg", outputfile);

The getImage method is overloaded. Here, the Photo instance and the size of the image desired are used as arguments to get the BufferedImage instance:

    bufferedImage = pi.getImage(currentPhoto, Size.SMALL);

The image can be saved to a file using the previous technique.

The Flickr4Java API supports a number of other techniques for working with Flickr images.

Handling YouTube

YouTube is a popular video site where users can upload and share videos (https://www.youtube.com/). It has been used to share humorous videos, provide instructions on how to do any number of things, and share information among its viewers. It is a useful source of information as it captures the thoughts and ideas of a diverse group of people. This provides an interesting opportunity to analysis and gain insight into human behavior.

YouTube can serve as a useful source of videos and video metadata. A Java API is available to access its contents (https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/). Detailed documentation of the API is found at https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/docs/.

In this section, we will demonstrate how to search for videos by keyword and retrieve information of interest. We will also show how to download a video. To use the YouTube API, you will need a Google account, which can be obtained at https://www.google.com/accounts/NewAccount. Next, create an account in the Google Developer's Console (https://console.developers.google.com/). API access is supported using either API keys or OAuth 2.0 credentials. The project creation process and keys are discussed at https://developers.google.com/youtube/registering_an_application#create_project.

Searching by keyword

The process of searching for videos by keyword is adapted from https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/code_samples/java#search_by_keyword. Other potentially useful code examples can be found at https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/code_samples/java. The process has been simplified so that we can focus on the search process. We start with a try block and the creation of a YouTube instance. This class provides the basic access to the API. Javadocs for this API is found at https://developers.google.com/resources/api-libraries/documentation/youtube/v3/java/latest/.

The YouTube.Builder class is used to construct a YouTube instance. Its constructor takes three arguments:

Transport: Object used for HTTP
JSONFactory: Used to process JSON objects
HttpRequestInitializer: None is needed for this example

Many of the APIs responses will be in the form of JSON objects. The YouTube class' setApplicationName method gives it a name and the build method creates a new YouTube instance:

    try { 
        YouTube youtube = new YouTube.Builder( 
            Auth.HTTP_TRANSPORT, 
            Auth.JSON_FACTORY, 
            new HttpRequestInitializer() { 
                public void initialize(HttpRequest request)  
                        throws IOException { 
                } 
            }) 
                .setApplicationName("application_name") 
        ... 
    } catch (GoogleJSONResponseException ex) { 
        // Handle exceptions 
    } catch (IOException ex) { 
        // Handle exceptions 
    }

Next, we initialize a string to hold the search term of interest. In this case, we will look for videos containing the word cats:

    String queryTerm = "cats";

The class, YouTube.Search.List, maintains a collection of search results. The YouTube class's search method specifies the type of resource to be returned. In this case, the string specifies the id and snippet portions of the search result to be returned:

    YouTube.Search.List search = youtube 
        .search() 
        .list("id,snippet");

The search result is a JSON object that has the following structure. It is described in more detail at https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/docs/playlistItems#methods. In the previous sequence, only the id and snippet parts of a search will be returned, resulting in a more efficient operation:

{ 
  "kind": "youtube#searchResult", 
  "etag": etag, 
  "id": { 
    "kind": string, 
    "videoId": string, 
    "channelId": string, 
    "playlistId": string 
  }, 
  "snippet": { 
    "publishedAt": datetime, 
    "channelId": string, 
    "title": string, 
    "description": string, 
    "thumbnails": { 
      (key): { 
        "url": string, 
        "width": unsigned integer, 
        "height": unsigned integer 
      } 
    }, 
    "channelTitle": string, 
    "liveBroadcastContent": string 
  } 
}

Next, we need to specify the API key and various search parameters. The query term is specified, as well as the type of media to be returned. In this case, only videos will be returned. The other two options include channel and playlist:

    String apiKey = "Your API key"; 
    search.setKey(apiKey); 
    search.setQ(queryTerm); 
    search.setType("video");

In addition, we further specify the fields to be returned as shown here. These correspond to fields of the JSON object:

    search.setFields("items(id/kind,id/videoId,snippet/title," +  
        "snippet/description,snippet/thumbnails/default/url)");

We also specify the maximum number of results to retrieve using the setMaxResults method:

    search.setMaxResults(10L);

The execute method will perform the actual query, returning a SearchListResponse object. Its getItems method returns a list of SearchResult objects, one for each video retrieved:

    SearchListResponse searchResponse = search.execute(); 
    List<SearchResult> searchResultList =  
        searchResponse.getItems();

In this example, we do not iterate through each video returned. Instead, we retrieve the first video and display information about the video. The SearchResult video variable allows us to access different parts of the JSON object, as shown here:

    SearchResult video = searchResultList.iterator().next(); 
    Thumbnail thumbnail = video 
        .getSnippet().getThumbnails().getDefault(); 
 
    out.println("Kind: " + video.getKind()); 
    out.println("Video Id: " + video.getId().getVideoId()); 
    out.println("Title: " + video.getSnippet().getTitle()); 
    out.println("Description: " +  
        video.getSnippet().getDescription()); 
    out.println("Thumbnail: " + thumbnail.getUrl());

One possible output follows where parts of the output have been modified:

Kind: null
Video Id: tntO...
Title: Funny Cats ...
Description: Check out the ...
Thumbnail: https://i.ytimg.com/vi/tntO.../default.jpg

We have skipped many error checking steps to simplify the example, but these should be considered when implementing this in a business application.

If we need to download the video, one of the simplest ways is to use axet/wget found at https://github.com/axet/wget. It provides an easy-to-use technique to download the video using its video ID.

In the following example, a URL is created using the video ID. You will need to provide a video ID for this to work properly. The file is saved to the current directory with the video's title as the filename:

    String url = "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=videoID"; 
    String path = "."; 
    VGet vget = new VGet(new URL(url), new File(path)); 
    vget.download();

There are other more sophisticated download techniques found at the GitHub site.

Web crawlers in Java

Web crawling is the process of traversing a series of interconnected web pages and extracting relevant information from those pages. It does this by isolating and then following links on a page. While there are many precompiled datasets readily available, it may still be necessary to collect data directly off the Internet. Some sources such as news sites are continually being updated and need to be revisited from time to time.

A web crawler is an application that visits various sites and collects information. The web crawling process consists of a series of steps:

Select a URL to visit
Fetch the page
Parse the page
Extract relevant content
Extract relevant URLs to visit

This process is repeated for each URL visited.

There are several issues that need to be considered when fetching and parsing a page such as:

Page importance: We do not want to process irrelevant pages.
Exclusively HTML: We will not normally follow links to images, for example.
Spider traps: We want to bypass sites that may result in an infinite number of requests. This can occur with dynamically generated pages where one request leads to another.
Repetition: It is important to avoid crawling the same page more than once.
Politeness: Do not make an excessive number of requests to a website. Observe the robot.txt files; they specify which parts of a site should not be crawled.

The process of creating a web crawler can be daunting. For all but the simplest needs, it is recommended that one of several open source web crawlers be used. A partial list follows:

Nutch: http://nutch.apache.org
crawler4j: https://github.com/yasserg/crawler4j
JSpider: http://j-spider.sourceforge.net/
WebSPHINX: http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~rcm/websphinx/
Heritrix: https://webarchive.jira.com/wiki/display/Heritrix

We can either create our own web crawler or use an existing crawler and in this chapter we will examine both approaches. For specialized processing, it can be desirable to use a custom crawler. We will demonstrate how to create a simple web crawler in Java to provide more insight into how web crawlers work. This will be followed by a brief discussion of other web crawlers.

Creating your own web crawler

Now that we have a basic understanding of web crawlers, we are ready to create our own. In this simple web crawler, we will keep track of the pages visited using ArrayList instances. In addition, jsoup will be used to parse a web page and we will limit the number of pages we visit. Jsoup (https://jsoup.org/) is an open source HTML parser. This example demonstrates the basic structure of a web crawler and also highlights some of the issues involved in creating a web crawler.

We will use the SimpleWebCrawler class, as declared here:

public class SimpleWebCrawler { 
 
    private String topic; 
    private String startingURL; 
    private String urlLimiter; 
    private final int pageLimit = 20; 
    private ArrayList<String> visitedList = new ArrayList<>(); 
    private ArrayList<String> pageList = new ArrayList<>(); 
    ... 
    public static void main(String[] args) { 
        new SimpleWebCrawler(); 
    } 
 
}

The instance variables are detailed here:

Variable	Use
`topic`	The keyword that needs to be in a page for the page to be accepted
`startingURL`	The URL of the first page
`urlLimiter`	A string that must be contained in a link before it will be followed
`pageLimit`	The maximum number of pages to retrieve
`visitedList`	The `ArrayList` containing pages that have already been visited
`pageList`	An `ArrayList` containing the URLs of the pages of interest

In the SimpleWebCrawler constructor, we initialize the instance variables to begin the search from the Wikipedia page for Bishop Rock, an island off the coast of Italy. This was chosen to minimize the number of pages that might be retrieved. As we will see, there are many more Wikipedia pages dealing with Bishop Rock than one might think.

The urlLimiter variable is set to Bishop_Rock, which will restrict the embedded links to follow to just those containing that string. Each page of interest must contain the value stored in the topic variable. The visitPage method performs the actual crawl:

    public SimpleWebCrawler() { 
        startingURL = https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_Rock, " 
            + "Isles_of_Scilly"; 
        urlLimiter = "Bishop_Rock"; 
        topic = "shipping route"; 
        visitPage(startingURL); 
    }

In the visitPage method, the pageList ArrayList is checked to see whether the maximum number of accepted pages has been exceeded. If the limit has been exceeded, then the search terminates:

    public void visitPage(String url) { 
        if (pageList.size() >= pageLimit) { 
            return; 
        } 
       ... 
    }

If the page has already been visited, then we ignore it. Otherwise, it is added to the visited list:

    if (visitedList.contains(url)) { 
        // URL already visited 
    } else { 
        visitedList.add(url); 
            ... 
    }

Jsoup is used to parse the page and return a Document object. There are many different exceptions and problems that can occur such as a malformed URL, retrieval timeouts, or simply bad links. The catch block needs to handle these types of problems. We will provide a more in-depth explanation of jsoup in web scraping in Java:

    try { 
        Document doc = Jsoup.connect(url).get(); 
            ... 
        } 
    } catch (Exception ex) { 
        // Handle exceptions 
    }

If the document contains the topic text, then the link is displayed and added to the pageList ArrayList. Each embedded link is obtained, and if the link contains the limiting text, then the visitPage method is called recursively:

    if (doc.text().contains(topic)) { 
        out.println((pageList.size() + 1) + ": [" + url + "]"); 
        pageList.add(url); 
 
        // Process page links 
        Elements questions = doc.select("a[href]"); 
        for (Element link : questions) { 
            if (link.attr("href").contains(urlLimiter)) { 
                visitPage(link.attr("abs:href")); 
            } 
        } 
    }

This approach only examines links in those pages that contain the topic text. Moving the for loop outside of the if statement will test the links for all pages.

The output follows:

1: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_Rock,_Isles_of_Scilly]
2: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_Rock_Lighthouse]
3: [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bishop_Rock,_Isles_of_Scilly&oldid=717634231#Lighthouse]
4: [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bishop_Rock,_Isles_of_Scilly&diff=prev&oldid=717634231]
5: [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bishop_Rock,_Isles_of_Scilly&oldid=716622943]
6: [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bishop_Rock,_Isles_of_Scilly&diff=prev&oldid=716622943]
7: [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bishop_Rock,_Isles_of_Scilly&oldid=716608512]
8: [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bishop_Rock,_Isles_of_Scilly&diff=prev&oldid=716608512]
...
20: [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bishop_Rock,_Isles_of_Scilly&diff=prev&oldid=716603919]

In this example, we did not save the results of the crawl in an external source. Normally this is necessary and can be stored in a file or database.

Using the crawler4j web crawler

Here we will illustrate the use of the crawler4j (https://github.com/yasserg/crawler4j) web crawler. We will use an adapted version of the basic crawler found at https://github.com/yasserg/crawler4j/tree/master/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/crawler4j/examples/basi c. We will create two classes: CrawlerController and SampleCrawler. The former class set ups the crawler while the latter contains the logic that controls what pages will be processed.

As with our previous crawler, we will crawl the Wikipedia article dealing with Bishop Rock. The results using this crawler will be smaller as many extraneous pages are ignored.

Let's look at the CrawlerController class first. There are several parameters that are used with the crawler as detailed here:

Crawl storage folder: The location where crawl data is stored
Number of crawlers: This controls the number of threads used for the crawl
Politeness delay: How many seconds to pause between requests
Crawl depth: How deep the crawl will go
Maximum number of pages to fetch: How many pages to fetch
Binary data: Whether to crawl binary data such as PDF files

The basic class is shown here:

public class CrawlerController { 
 
  public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { 
    int numberOfCrawlers = 2; 
    CrawlConfig config = new CrawlConfig(); 
    String crawlStorageFolder = "data"; 
     
    config.setCrawlStorageFolder(crawlStorageFolder); 
    config.setPolitenessDelay(500); 
    config.setMaxDepthOfCrawling(2); 
    config.setMaxPagesToFetch(20); 
    config.setIncludeBinaryContentInCrawling(false); 
    ... 
  } 
}

Next, the CrawlController class is created and configured. Notice the RobotstxtConfig and RobotstxtServer classes used to handle robot.txt files. These files contain instructions that are intended to be read by a web crawler. They provide direction to help a crawler to do a better job such as specifying which parts of a site should not be crawled. This is useful for auto generated pages:

    PageFetcher pageFetcher = new PageFetcher(config); 
    RobotstxtConfig robotstxtConfig = new RobotstxtConfig(); 
    RobotstxtServer robotstxtServer =  
        new RobotstxtServer(robotstxtConfig, pageFetcher); 
    CrawlController controller =  
        new CrawlController(config, pageFetcher, robotstxtServer);

The crawler needs to start at one or more pages. The addSeed method adds the starting pages. While we used the method only once here, it can be used as many times as needed:

    controller.addSeed( 
      "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_Rock,_Isles_of_Scilly");

The start method will begin the crawling process:

    controller.start(SampleCrawler.class, numberOfCrawlers);

The SampleCrawler class contains two methods of interest. The first is the shouldVisit method that determines whether a page will be visited and the visit method that actually handles the page. We start with the class declaration and the declaration of a Java regular expression class Pattern object. It will be one way of determining whether a page will be visited. In this declaration, standard images are specified and will be ignored:

    public class SampleCrawler extends WebCrawler { 
        private static final Pattern IMAGE_EXTENSIONS =  
            Pattern.compile(".*\\.(bmp|gif|jpg|png)$"); 
 
        ... 
    }

The shouldVisit method is passed a reference to the page where this URL was found along with the URL. If any of the images match, the method returns false and the page is ignored. In addition, the URL must start with https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/. We added this to restrict our searches to the Wikipedia website:

    public boolean shouldVisit(Page referringPage, WebURL url) { 
        String href = url.getURL().toLowerCase(); 
        if (IMAGE_EXTENSIONS.matcher(href).matches()) { 
            return false; 
        } 
        return href.startsWith("https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/"); 
    }

The visit method is passed a Page object representing the page being visited. In this implementation, only those pages containing the string shipping route will be processed. This further restricts the pages visited. When we find such a page, its URL, Text, and Text length are displayed:

    public void visit(Page page) { 
        String url = page.getWebURL().getURL(); 
 
        if (page.getParseData() instanceof HtmlParseData) { 
            HtmlParseData htmlParseData =  
                (HtmlParseData) page.getParseData(); 
            String text = htmlParseData.getText(); 
            if (text.contains("shipping route")) { 
                out.println("\nURL: " + url); 
                out.println("Text: " + text); 
                out.println("Text length: " + text.length()); 
            } 
        } 
    }

The following is the truncated output of the program when executed:

URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_Rock,_Isles_of_Scilly
Text: Bishop Rock, Isles of Scilly...From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia ... Jump to: ... navigation, search For the Bishop Rock in the Pacific Ocean, see Cortes Bank. Bishop Rock Bishop Rock Lighthouse (2005)
...
Text length: 14677

Notice that only one page was returned. This web crawler was able to identify and ignore previous versions of the main web page.

We could perform further processing, but this example provides some insight into how the API works. Significant amounts of information can be obtained when visiting a page. In the example, we only used the URL and the length of the text. The following is a sample of other data that you may be interested in obtaining:

URL path
Parent URL
Anchor
HTML text
Outgoing links
Document ID

Web scraping in Java

Web scraping is the process of extracting information from a web page. The page is typically formatted using a series of HTML tags. An HTML parser is used to navigate through a page or series of pages and to access the page's data or metadata.

Jsoup (https://jsoup.org/) is an open source Java library that facilitates extracting and manipulating HTML documents using an HTML parser. It is used for a number of purposes, including web scraping, extracting specific elements from an HTML page, and cleaning up HTML documents.

There are several ways of obtaining an HTML document that may be useful. The HTML document can be extracted from a:

URL
String
File

The first approach is illustrated next where the Wikipedia page for data science is loaded into a Document object. This Jsoup object represents the HTML document. The connect method connects to the site and the get method retrieves the document:

    try { 
        Document document = Jsoup.connect( 
            "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science").get(); 
        ... 
     } catch (IOException ex) { 
        // Handle exception 
    }

Loading from a file uses the File class as shown next. The overloaded parse method uses the file to create the document object:

    try { 
        File file = new File("Example.html"); 
        Document document = Jsoup.parse(file, "UTF-8", ""); 
        ... 
    } catch (IOException ex) { 
        // Handle exception 
    }

The Example.html file follows:

<html> 
<head><title>Example Document</title></head> 
<body> 
<p>The body of the document</p> 
Interesting Links: 
<br> 
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science">Data Science</a> 
<br> 
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jsoup">Jsoup</a> 
<br> 
Images: 
<br> 
 <img src="eyechart.jpg" alt="Eye Chart">  
</body> 
</html>

To create a Document object from a string, we will use the following sequence where the parse method processes the string that duplicates the previous HTML file:

    String html = "<html>\n" 
        + "<head><title>Example Document</title></head>\n" 
        + "<body>\n" 
        + "<p>The body of the document</p>\n" 
        + "Interesting Links:\n" 
        + "<br>\n" 
        + "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science">" + 
          "DataScience</a>\n"
        + "<br>\n" 
        + "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jsoup">" + 
          "Jsoup</a>\n"
        + "<br>\n" 
        + "Images:\n" 
        + "<br>\n" 
        + " <img src="eyechart.jpg" alt="Eye Chart"> \n"
        + "</body>\n" 
        + "</html>"; 
    Document document = Jsoup.parse(html);

The Document class possesses a number of useful methods. The title method returns the title. To get the text contents of the document, the select method is used. This method uses a string specifying the element of a document to retrieve:

    String title = document.title(); 
    out.println("Title: " + title); 
    Elements element = document.select("body"); 
    out.println("  Text: " + element.text());

The output for the Wikipedia data science page is shown here. It has been shortened to conserve space:

Title: Data science - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Text: Data science From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Not to be confused with information science. Part of a 
...
policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view

The parameter type of the select method is a string. By using a string, the type of information selected is easily changed. Details on how to formulate this string are found at the jsoup Javadocs for the Selector class at https://jsoup.org/apidocs/:

We can use the select method to retrieve the images in a document, as shown here:

    Elements images = document.select("img[src$=.png]"); 
    for (Element image : images) { 
        out.println("\nImage: " + image); 
    }

The output for the Wikipedia data science page is shown here. It has been shortened to conserve space:

Image: <img alt="Data Visualization" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/...>
Image: <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/...>

Links can be easily retrieved as shown next:

    Elements links = document.select("a[href]"); 
    for (Element link : links) { 
        out.println("Link: " + link.attr("href") 
            + " Text: " + link.text()); 
    }

The output for the Example.html page is shown here:

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science Text: Data Science
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jsoup Text: Jsoup

jsoup possesses many additional capabilities. However, this example demonstrates the web scraping process. There are also other Java HTML parsers available. A comparison of Java HTML parser, among others, can be found at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_HTML_parsers.

Using API calls to access common social media sites

Social media contain a wealth of information that can be processed and is used by many data analysis applications. In this section, we will illustrate how to access a few of these sources using their Java APIs. Most of them require some sort of access key, which is normally easy to obtain. We start with a discussion on the OAuth class, which provides one approach to authenticating access to a data source.

When working with the type of data source, it is important to keep in mind that the data is not always public. While it may be accessible, the owner of the data may be an individual who does not necessarily want the information shared. Most APIs provide a means to determine how the data can be distributed, and these requests should be honored. When private information is used, permission from the author must be obtained.

In addition, these sites have limits on the number of requests that can be made. Keep this in mind when pulling data from a site. If these limits need to be exceeded, then most sites provide a way of doing this.

Using OAuth to authenticate users

OAuth is an open standard used to authenticate users to many different websites. A resource owner effectively delegates access to a server resource without having to share their credentials. It works over HTTPS. OAuth 2.0 succeeded OAuth and is not backwards compatible. It provides client developers a simple way of providing authentication. Several companies use OAuth 2.0 including PayPal, Comcast, and Blizzard Entertainment.

A list of OAuth 2.0 providers is found at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_OAuth_providers. We will use several of these in our discussions.

Handing Twitter

The sheer volume of data and the popularity of the site, among celebrities and the general public alike, make Twitter a valuable resource for mining social media data. Twitter is a popular social media platform allowing users to read and post short messages called tweets. Twitter provides API support for posting and pulling tweets, including streaming data from all public users. While there are services available for pulling the entire set of public tweet data, we are going to examine other options that, while limiting in the amount of data retrieved at one time, are available at no cost.

We are going to focus on the Twitter API for retrieving streaming data. There are other options for retrieving tweets from a specific user as well as posting data to a specific account but we will not be addressing those in this chapter. The public stream API, at the default access level, allows the user to pull a sample of public tweets currently streaming on Twitter. It is possible to refine the data by specifying parameters to track keywords, specific users, and location.

We are going to use HBC, a Java HTTP client, for this example. You can download a sample HBC application at https://github.com/twitter/hbc. If you prefer to use a different HTTP client, ensure it will return incremental response data. The Apache HTTP client is one option. Before you can create the HTTP connection, you must first create a Twitter account and an application within that account. To get started with the app, visit apps.twitter.com. Once your app is created, you will be assigned a consumer key, consumer secret, access token, and access secret token. We will also use OAuth, as discussed previously in this chapter.

First, we will write a method to perform the authentication and request data from Twitter. The parameters for our method are the authentication information given to us by Twitter when we created our app. We will create a BlockingQueue object to hold our streaming data. For this example, we will set a default capacity of 10,000. We will also specify our endpoint and turn off stall warnings:

    public static void streamTwitter( 
        String consumerKey, String consumerSecret,  
        String accessToken, String accessSecret)  
            throws InterruptedException { 
 
        BlockingQueue<String> statusQueue =  
            new LinkedBlockingQueue<String>(10000); 
        StatusesSampleEndpoint ending =  
            new StatusesSampleEndpoint(); 
        ending.stallWarnings(false); 
        ... 
    }

Next, we create an Authentication object using OAuth1, a variation of the OAuth class. We can then build our connection client and complete the HTTP connection:

    Authentication twitterAuth = new OAuth1(consumerKey,  
        consumerSecret, accessToken, accessSecret); 
    BasicClient twitterClient = new ClientBuilder() 
            .name("Twitter client") 
            .hosts(Constants.STREAM_HOST) 
            .endpoint(ending) 
            .authentication(twitterAuth) 
            .processor(new StringDelimitedProcessor(statusQueue)) 
            .build(); 
    twitterClient.connect();

For the purposes of this example, we will simply read the messages received from the stream and print them to the screen. The messages are returned in JSON format and the decision of how to process them in a real application will depend upon the purpose and limitations of that application:

    for (int msgRead = 0; msgRead < 1000; msgRead++) { 
      if (twitterClient.isDone()) { 
        out.println(twitterClient.getExitEvent().getMessage()); 
        break; 
      } 
 
      String msg = statusQueue.poll(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS); 
      if (msg == null) { 
        out.println("Waited 10 seconds - no message received"); 
      } else { 
        out.println(msg); 
      } 
    } 
    twitterClient.stop();

To execute our method, we simply pass our authentication information to the streamTwitter method. For security purposes, we have replaced our personal keys here. Authentication information should always be protected:

    public static void main(String[] args) { 
   
      try { 
        SampleStreamExample.streamTwitter( 
            myKey, mySecret, myToken, myAccess);  
      } catch (InterruptedException e) { 
        out.println(e); 
      } 
    }

Here is truncated sample data retrieved using the methods listed above. Your data will vary based upon Twitter's live stream, but it should resemble this example:

{"created_at":"Fri May 20 15:47:21 +0000 2016","id":733685552789098496,"id_str":"733685552789098496","text":"bwisit si em bahala sya","source":"\u003ca href="http:\/\/twitter.com" rel="nofollow"\u003eTwitter Web 
...
ntions":[],"symbols":[]},"favorited":false,"retweeted":false,"filter_level":"low","lang":"tl","timestamp_ms":"1463759241660"}

Twitter also provides support for pulling all data for one specific user account, as well as posting data directly to an account. A REST API is also available and provides support for specific queries via the search API. These also use the OAuth standard and return data in JSON files.

Handling Wikipedia

Wikipedia (https://www.wikipedia.org/) is a useful source of text and image type information. It is an Internet encyclopedia that hosts 38 million articles written in over 250 languages (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia). As such, it is useful to know how to programmatically access its contents.

MediaWiki is an open source wiki application that supports wiki type sites. It is used to support Wikipedia and many other sites. The MediaWiki API (http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/API) provides access to a wiki's data and metadata over HTTP. An application, using this API, can log in, read data, and post changes to a site.

There are several Java APIs that support programmatic access to a wiki site as listed at https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/API:Client_code#Java. To demonstrate Java access to a wiki we will use Bliki found at https://bitbucket.org/axelclk/info.bliki.wiki/wiki/Home. It provides good access and is easy to use for most basic operations.

The MediaWiki API is complex and has many features. The intent of this section is to illustrate the basic process of obtaining text from a Wikipedia article using this API. It is not possible to cover the API completely here.

We will use the following classes from the info.bliki.api and info.bliki.wiki.model packages:

Page: Represents a retrieved page
User: Represents a user
WikiModel: Represents the wiki

Javadocs for Bliki are found at http://www.javadoc.io/doc/info.bliki.wiki/bliki-core/3.1.0.

The following example has been adapted from http://www.integratingstuff.com/2012/04/06/hook-into-wikipedia-using-java-and-the-mediawiki-api/. This example will access the English Wikipedia page for the subject, data science. We start by creating an instance of the User class. The first two arguments of the three-argument constructor are the user ID and password, respectively. In this case, they are empty strings. This combination allows us to read a page without having to set up an account. The third argument is the URL for the MediaWiki API page:

    User user = new User("", "",  
        "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php"); 
    user.login();

An account will enable us to modify the document. The queryContent method returns a list of Page objects for the subjects found in a string array. Each string should be the title of a page. In this example, we access a single page:

    String[] titles = {"Data science"}; 
    List<Page> pageList = user.queryContent(titles);

Each Page object contains the content of a page. There are several methods that will return the contents of the page. For each page, a WikiModel instance is created using the two-argument constructor. The first argument is the image base URL and the second argument is the link base URL. These URLs use Wiki variables called image and title, which will be replaced when creating links:

    for (Page page : pageList) { 
        WikiModel wikiModel = new WikiModel("${image}",  
            "${title}"); 
        ... 
    }

The render method will take the wiki page and render it to HTML. There is also a method to render the page to a PDF document:

    String htmlText = wikiModel.render(page.toString());

The HTML text is then displayed:

    out.println(htmlText);

A partial listing of the output follows:

<p>PageID: 35458904; NS: 0; Title: Data science; 
Image url: 
Content:
{{distinguish}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Data Visualization}}</p>
<p><b>Data science</b> is an interdisciplinary field about processes and systems to extract <a href="Knowledge" >knowledge</a> 
...

We can also obtain basic information about the article using one of several methods as shown here:

    out.println("Title: " + page.getTitle() + "\n" + 
        "Page ID: " + page.getPageid() + "\n" + 
        "Timestamp: " + page.getCurrentRevision().getTimestamp());

It is also possible to obtain a list of references in the article and a list of the headers. Here, a list of the references is displayed:

    List <Reference> referenceList = wikiModel.getReferences(); 
    out.println(referenceList.size()); 
    for(Reference reference : referenceList) { 
        out.println(reference.getRefString()); 
    }

The following illustrates the process of getting the section headers:

    ITableOfContent toc = wikiModel.getTableOfContent(); 
    List<SectionHeader> sections = toc.getSectionHeaders(); 
    for(SectionHeader sh : sections) { 
        out.println(sh.getFirst()); 
    }

The entire content of Wikipedia can be downloaded. This process is discussed at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Database_download.

It may be desirable to set up your own Wikipedia server to handle your request.

Handling Flickr

Flickr (https://www.flickr.com/) is an online photo management and sharing application. It is a possible source for images and videos. The Flickr Developer Guide (https://www.flickr.com/services/developer/) is a good starting point to learn more about Flickr's API.

One of the first steps to using the Flickr API is to request an API key. This key is used to sign your API requests. The process to obtain a key starts at https://www.flickr.com/services/apps/create/. Both commercial and noncommercial keys are available. When you obtain a key you will also get a "secret." Both of these are required to use the API.

We will illustrate the process of locating and downloading images from Flickr. The process involves:

Creating a Flickr class instance
Specifying the search parameters for a query
Performing the search
Downloading the image

A FlickrException or IOException may be thrown during this process. There are several APIs that support Flickr access. We will be using Flickr4Java, found at https://github.com/callmeal/Flickr4Java. The Flickr4Java Javadocs is found at http://flickrj.sourceforge.net/api/. We will start with a try block and the apikey and secret declarations:

    try { 
        String apikey = "Your API key"; 
        String secret = "Your secret"; 
 
    } catch (FlickrException | IOException ex) { 
        // Handle exceptions 
    }

The Flickr instance is created next, where the apikey and secret are supplied as the first two parameters. The last parameter specifies the transfer technique used to access Flickr servers. Currently, the REST transport is supported using the REST class:

    Flickr flickr = new Flickr(apikey, secret, new REST());

To search for images, we will use the SearchParameters class. This class supports a number of criteria that will narrow down the number of images returned from a query and includes such criteria as latitude, longitude, media type, and user ID. In the following sequence, the setBBox method specifies the longitude and latitude for the search. The parameters are (in order): minimum longitude, minimum latitude, maximum longitude, and maximum latitude. The setMedia method specifies the type of media. There are three possible arguments — "all", "photos", and "videos":

    SearchParameters searchParameters = new SearchParameters(); 
    searchParameters.setBBox("-180", "-90", "180", "90"); 
    searchParameters.setMedia("photos");

The PhotosInterface class possesses a search method that uses the SearchParameters instance to retrieve a list of photos. The getPhotosInterface method returns an instance of the PhotosInterface class, as shown next. The SearchParameters instance is the first parameter. The second parameter determines how many photos are retrieved per page and the third parameter is the offset. A PhotoList class instance is returned:

    PhotosInterface pi = new PhotosInterface(apikey, secret,  
        new REST()); 
    PhotoList<Photo> list = pi.search(searchParameters, 10, 0);

The next sequence illustrates the use of several methods to get information about the images retrieved. Each Photo instance is accessed using the get method. The title, image format, public flag, and photo URL are displayed:

    out.println("Image List"); 
    for (int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) { 
        Photo photo = list.get(i); 
        out.println("Image: " + i + 
            `"\nTitle: " + photo.getTitle() +  
            "\nMedia: " + photo.getOriginalFormat() + 
            "\nPublic: " + photo.isPublicFlag() + 
            "\nUrl: " + photo.getUrl() + 
            "\n"); 
    } 
    out.println();

A partial listing is shown here where many of the specific values have been modified to protect the original data:

Image List
Image: 0
Title: XYZ Image
Media: jpg
Public: true
Url: https://flickr.com/photos/7723...@N02/269...
Image: 1
Title: IMG_5555.jpg
Media: jpg
Public: true
Url: https://flickr.com/photos/2665...@N07/264...
Image: 2
Title: DSC05555
Media: jpg
Public: true
Url: https://flickr.com/photos/1179...@N04/264...

The list of images returned by this example will vary since we used a fairly wide search range and images are being added all of the time.

There are two approaches that we can use to download an image. The first uses the image's URL and the second uses a Photo object. The image's URL can be obtained from a number of sources. We use the Photo class getUrl method for this example.

In the following sequence, we obtain an instance of PhotosInterface using its constructor to illustrate an alternate approach:

    PhotosInterface pi = new PhotosInterface(apikey, secret,  
        new REST());

We get the first Photo instance from the previous list and then its getUrl to get the image's URL. The PhotosInterface class's getImage method returns a BufferedImage object representing the image as shown here:

    Photo currentPhoto = list.get(0);  
    BufferedImage bufferedImage =  
        pi.getImage(currentPhoto.getUrl());

The image is then saved to a file using the ImageIO class:

    File outputfile = new File("image.jpg"); 
    ImageIO.write(bufferedImage, "jpg", outputfile);

The getImage method is overloaded. Here, the Photo instance and the size of the image desired are used as arguments to get the BufferedImage instance:

    bufferedImage = pi.getImage(currentPhoto, Size.SMALL);

The image can be saved to a file using the previous technique.

The Flickr4Java API supports a number of other techniques for working with Flickr images.

Handling YouTube

YouTube is a popular video site where users can upload and share videos (https://www.youtube.com/). It has been used to share humorous videos, provide instructions on how to do any number of things, and share information among its viewers. It is a useful source of information as it captures the thoughts and ideas of a diverse group of people. This provides an interesting opportunity to analysis and gain insight into human behavior.

YouTube can serve as a useful source of videos and video metadata. A Java API is available to access its contents (https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/). Detailed documentation of the API is found at https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/docs/.

In this section, we will demonstrate how to search for videos by keyword and retrieve information of interest. We will also show how to download a video. To use the YouTube API, you will need a Google account, which can be obtained at https://www.google.com/accounts/NewAccount. Next, create an account in the Google Developer's Console (https://console.developers.google.com/). API access is supported using either API keys or OAuth 2.0 credentials. The project creation process and keys are discussed at https://developers.google.com/youtube/registering_an_application#create_project.

Searching by keyword

The process of searching for videos by keyword is adapted from https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/code_samples/java#search_by_keyword. Other potentially useful code examples can be found at https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/code_samples/java. The process has been simplified so that we can focus on the search process. We start with a try block and the creation of a YouTube instance. This class provides the basic access to the API. Javadocs for this API is found at https://developers.google.com/resources/api-libraries/documentation/youtube/v3/java/latest/.

The YouTube.Builder class is used to construct a YouTube instance. Its constructor takes three arguments:

Transport: Object used for HTTP
JSONFactory: Used to process JSON objects
HttpRequestInitializer: None is needed for this example

Many of the APIs responses will be in the form of JSON objects. The YouTube class' setApplicationName method gives it a name and the build method creates a new YouTube instance:

    try { 
        YouTube youtube = new YouTube.Builder( 
            Auth.HTTP_TRANSPORT, 
            Auth.JSON_FACTORY, 
            new HttpRequestInitializer() { 
                public void initialize(HttpRequest request)  
                        throws IOException { 
                } 
            }) 
                .setApplicationName("application_name") 
        ... 
    } catch (GoogleJSONResponseException ex) { 
        // Handle exceptions 
    } catch (IOException ex) { 
        // Handle exceptions 
    }

Next, we initialize a string to hold the search term of interest. In this case, we will look for videos containing the word cats:

    String queryTerm = "cats";

The class, YouTube.Search.List, maintains a collection of search results. The YouTube class's search method specifies the type of resource to be returned. In this case, the string specifies the id and snippet portions of the search result to be returned:

    YouTube.Search.List search = youtube 
        .search() 
        .list("id,snippet");

The search result is a JSON object that has the following structure. It is described in more detail at https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/docs/playlistItems#methods. In the previous sequence, only the id and snippet parts of a search will be returned, resulting in a more efficient operation:

{ 
  "kind": "youtube#searchResult", 
  "etag": etag, 
  "id": { 
    "kind": string, 
    "videoId": string, 
    "channelId": string, 
    "playlistId": string 
  }, 
  "snippet": { 
    "publishedAt": datetime, 
    "channelId": string, 
    "title": string, 
    "description": string, 
    "thumbnails": { 
      (key): { 
        "url": string, 
        "width": unsigned integer, 
        "height": unsigned integer 
      } 
    }, 
    "channelTitle": string, 
    "liveBroadcastContent": string 
  } 
}

Next, we need to specify the API key and various search parameters. The query term is specified, as well as the type of media to be returned. In this case, only videos will be returned. The other two options include channel and playlist:

    String apiKey = "Your API key"; 
    search.setKey(apiKey); 
    search.setQ(queryTerm); 
    search.setType("video");

In addition, we further specify the fields to be returned as shown here. These correspond to fields of the JSON object:

    search.setFields("items(id/kind,id/videoId,snippet/title," +  
        "snippet/description,snippet/thumbnails/default/url)");

We also specify the maximum number of results to retrieve using the setMaxResults method:

    search.setMaxResults(10L);

The execute method will perform the actual query, returning a SearchListResponse object. Its getItems method returns a list of SearchResult objects, one for each video retrieved:

    SearchListResponse searchResponse = search.execute(); 
    List<SearchResult> searchResultList =  
        searchResponse.getItems();

In this example, we do not iterate through each video returned. Instead, we retrieve the first video and display information about the video. The SearchResult video variable allows us to access different parts of the JSON object, as shown here:

    SearchResult video = searchResultList.iterator().next(); 
    Thumbnail thumbnail = video 
        .getSnippet().getThumbnails().getDefault(); 
 
    out.println("Kind: " + video.getKind()); 
    out.println("Video Id: " + video.getId().getVideoId()); 
    out.println("Title: " + video.getSnippet().getTitle()); 
    out.println("Description: " +  
        video.getSnippet().getDescription()); 
    out.println("Thumbnail: " + thumbnail.getUrl());

One possible output follows where parts of the output have been modified:

Kind: null
Video Id: tntO...
Title: Funny Cats ...
Description: Check out the ...
Thumbnail: https://i.ytimg.com/vi/tntO.../default.jpg

We have skipped many error checking steps to simplify the example, but these should be considered when implementing this in a business application.

If we need to download the video, one of the simplest ways is to use axet/wget found at https://github.com/axet/wget. It provides an easy-to-use technique to download the video using its video ID.

In the following example, a URL is created using the video ID. You will need to provide a video ID for this to work properly. The file is saved to the current directory with the video's title as the filename:

    String url = "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=videoID"; 
    String path = "."; 
    VGet vget = new VGet(new URL(url), new File(path)); 
    vget.download();

There are other more sophisticated download techniques found at the GitHub site.

Creating your own web crawler

Now that we have a basic understanding of web crawlers, we are ready to create our own. In this simple web crawler, we will keep track of the pages visited using ArrayList instances. In addition, jsoup will be used to parse a web page and we will limit the number of pages we visit. Jsoup (https://jsoup.org/) is an open source HTML parser. This example demonstrates the basic structure of a web crawler and also highlights some of the issues involved in creating a web crawler.

We will use the SimpleWebCrawler class, as declared here:

public class SimpleWebCrawler { 
 
    private String topic; 
    private String startingURL; 
    private String urlLimiter; 
    private final int pageLimit = 20; 
    private ArrayList<String> visitedList = new ArrayList<>(); 
    private ArrayList<String> pageList = new ArrayList<>(); 
    ... 
    public static void main(String[] args) { 
        new SimpleWebCrawler(); 
    } 
 
}

The instance variables are detailed here:

Variable	Use
`topic`	The keyword that needs to be in a page for the page to be accepted
`startingURL`	The URL of the first page
`urlLimiter`	A string that must be contained in a link before it will be followed
`pageLimit`	The maximum number of pages to retrieve
`visitedList`	The `ArrayList` containing pages that have already been visited
`pageList`	An `ArrayList` containing the URLs of the pages of interest

In the SimpleWebCrawler constructor, we initialize the instance variables to begin the search from the Wikipedia page for Bishop Rock, an island off the coast of Italy. This was chosen to minimize the number of pages that might be retrieved. As we will see, there are many more Wikipedia pages dealing with Bishop Rock than one might think.

The urlLimiter variable is set to Bishop_Rock, which will restrict the embedded links to follow to just those containing that string. Each page of interest must contain the value stored in the topic variable. The visitPage method performs the actual crawl:

    public SimpleWebCrawler() { 
        startingURL = https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_Rock, " 
            + "Isles_of_Scilly"; 
        urlLimiter = "Bishop_Rock"; 
        topic = "shipping route"; 
        visitPage(startingURL); 
    }

In the visitPage method, the pageList ArrayList is checked to see whether the maximum number of accepted pages has been exceeded. If the limit has been exceeded, then the search terminates:

    public void visitPage(String url) { 
        if (pageList.size() >= pageLimit) { 
            return; 
        } 
       ... 
    }

If the page has already been visited, then we ignore it. Otherwise, it is added to the visited list:

    if (visitedList.contains(url)) { 
        // URL already visited 
    } else { 
        visitedList.add(url); 
            ... 
    }

Jsoup is used to parse the page and return a Document object. There are many different exceptions and problems that can occur such as a malformed URL, retrieval timeouts, or simply bad links. The catch block needs to handle these types of problems. We will provide a more in-depth explanation of jsoup in web scraping in Java:

    try { 
        Document doc = Jsoup.connect(url).get(); 
            ... 
        } 
    } catch (Exception ex) { 
        // Handle exceptions 
    }

If the document contains the topic text, then the link is displayed and added to the pageList ArrayList. Each embedded link is obtained, and if the link contains the limiting text, then the visitPage method is called recursively:

    if (doc.text().contains(topic)) { 
        out.println((pageList.size() + 1) + ": [" + url + "]"); 
        pageList.add(url); 
 
        // Process page links 
        Elements questions = doc.select("a[href]"); 
        for (Element link : questions) { 
            if (link.attr("href").contains(urlLimiter)) { 
                visitPage(link.attr("abs:href")); 
            } 
        } 
    }

This approach only examines links in those pages that contain the topic text. Moving the for loop outside of the if statement will test the links for all pages.

The output follows:

1: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_Rock,_Isles_of_Scilly]
2: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_Rock_Lighthouse]
3: [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bishop_Rock,_Isles_of_Scilly&oldid=717634231#Lighthouse]
4: [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bishop_Rock,_Isles_of_Scilly&diff=prev&oldid=717634231]
5: [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bishop_Rock,_Isles_of_Scilly&oldid=716622943]
6: [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bishop_Rock,_Isles_of_Scilly&diff=prev&oldid=716622943]
7: [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bishop_Rock,_Isles_of_Scilly&oldid=716608512]
8: [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bishop_Rock,_Isles_of_Scilly&diff=prev&oldid=716608512]
...
20: [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bishop_Rock,_Isles_of_Scilly&diff=prev&oldid=716603919]

In this example, we did not save the results of the crawl in an external source. Normally this is necessary and can be stored in a file or database.

Using the crawler4j web crawler

Here we will illustrate the use of the crawler4j (https://github.com/yasserg/crawler4j) web crawler. We will use an adapted version of the basic crawler found at https://github.com/yasserg/crawler4j/tree/master/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/crawler4j/examples/basi c. We will create two classes: CrawlerController and SampleCrawler. The former class set ups the crawler while the latter contains the logic that controls what pages will be processed.

As with our previous crawler, we will crawl the Wikipedia article dealing with Bishop Rock. The results using this crawler will be smaller as many extraneous pages are ignored.

Let's look at the CrawlerController class first. There are several parameters that are used with the crawler as detailed here:

Crawl storage folder: The location where crawl data is stored
Number of crawlers: This controls the number of threads used for the crawl
Politeness delay: How many seconds to pause between requests
Crawl depth: How deep the crawl will go
Maximum number of pages to fetch: How many pages to fetch
Binary data: Whether to crawl binary data such as PDF files

The basic class is shown here:

public class CrawlerController { 
 
  public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { 
    int numberOfCrawlers = 2; 
    CrawlConfig config = new CrawlConfig(); 
    String crawlStorageFolder = "data"; 
     
    config.setCrawlStorageFolder(crawlStorageFolder); 
    config.setPolitenessDelay(500); 
    config.setMaxDepthOfCrawling(2); 
    config.setMaxPagesToFetch(20); 
    config.setIncludeBinaryContentInCrawling(false); 
    ... 
  } 
}

Next, the CrawlController class is created and configured. Notice the RobotstxtConfig and RobotstxtServer classes used to handle robot.txt files. These files contain instructions that are intended to be read by a web crawler. They provide direction to help a crawler to do a better job such as specifying which parts of a site should not be crawled. This is useful for auto generated pages:

    PageFetcher pageFetcher = new PageFetcher(config); 
    RobotstxtConfig robotstxtConfig = new RobotstxtConfig(); 
    RobotstxtServer robotstxtServer =  
        new RobotstxtServer(robotstxtConfig, pageFetcher); 
    CrawlController controller =  
        new CrawlController(config, pageFetcher, robotstxtServer);

The crawler needs to start at one or more pages. The addSeed method adds the starting pages. While we used the method only once here, it can be used as many times as needed:

    controller.addSeed( 
      "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_Rock,_Isles_of_Scilly");

The start method will begin the crawling process:

    controller.start(SampleCrawler.class, numberOfCrawlers);

The SampleCrawler class contains two methods of interest. The first is the shouldVisit method that determines whether a page will be visited and the visit method that actually handles the page. We start with the class declaration and the declaration of a Java regular expression class Pattern object. It will be one way of determining whether a page will be visited. In this declaration, standard images are specified and will be ignored:

    public class SampleCrawler extends WebCrawler { 
        private static final Pattern IMAGE_EXTENSIONS =  
            Pattern.compile(".*\\.(bmp|gif|jpg|png)$"); 
 
        ... 
    }

The shouldVisit method is passed a reference to the page where this URL was found along with the URL. If any of the images match, the method returns false and the page is ignored. In addition, the URL must start with https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/. We added this to restrict our searches to the Wikipedia website:

    public boolean shouldVisit(Page referringPage, WebURL url) { 
        String href = url.getURL().toLowerCase(); 
        if (IMAGE_EXTENSIONS.matcher(href).matches()) { 
            return false; 
        } 
        return href.startsWith("https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/"); 
    }

The visit method is passed a Page object representing the page being visited. In this implementation, only those pages containing the string shipping route will be processed. This further restricts the pages visited. When we find such a page, its URL, Text, and Text length are displayed:

    public void visit(Page page) { 
        String url = page.getWebURL().getURL(); 
 
        if (page.getParseData() instanceof HtmlParseData) { 
            HtmlParseData htmlParseData =  
                (HtmlParseData) page.getParseData(); 
            String text = htmlParseData.getText(); 
            if (text.contains("shipping route")) { 
                out.println("\nURL: " + url); 
                out.println("Text: " + text); 
                out.println("Text length: " + text.length()); 
            } 
        } 
    }

The following is the truncated output of the program when executed:

URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_Rock,_Isles_of_Scilly
Text: Bishop Rock, Isles of Scilly...From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia ... Jump to: ... navigation, search For the Bishop Rock in the Pacific Ocean, see Cortes Bank. Bishop Rock Bishop Rock Lighthouse (2005)
...
Text length: 14677

Notice that only one page was returned. This web crawler was able to identify and ignore previous versions of the main web page.

We could perform further processing, but this example provides some insight into how the API works. Significant amounts of information can be obtained when visiting a page. In the example, we only used the URL and the length of the text. The following is a sample of other data that you may be interested in obtaining:

URL path
Parent URL
Anchor
HTML text
Outgoing links
Document ID

Web scraping in Java

Web scraping is the process of extracting information from a web page. The page is typically formatted using a series of HTML tags. An HTML parser is used to navigate through a page or series of pages and to access the page's data or metadata.

Jsoup (https://jsoup.org/) is an open source Java library that facilitates extracting and manipulating HTML documents using an HTML parser. It is used for a number of purposes, including web scraping, extracting specific elements from an HTML page, and cleaning up HTML documents.

There are several ways of obtaining an HTML document that may be useful. The HTML document can be extracted from a:

URL
String
File

The first approach is illustrated next where the Wikipedia page for data science is loaded into a Document object. This Jsoup object represents the HTML document. The connect method connects to the site and the get method retrieves the document:

    try { 
        Document document = Jsoup.connect( 
            "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science").get(); 
        ... 
     } catch (IOException ex) { 
        // Handle exception 
    }

Loading from a file uses the File class as shown next. The overloaded parse method uses the file to create the document object:

    try { 
        File file = new File("Example.html"); 
        Document document = Jsoup.parse(file, "UTF-8", ""); 
        ... 
    } catch (IOException ex) { 
        // Handle exception 
    }

The Example.html file follows:

<html> 
<head><title>Example Document</title></head> 
<body> 
<p>The body of the document</p> 
Interesting Links: 
<br> 
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science">Data Science</a> 
<br> 
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jsoup">Jsoup</a> 
<br> 
Images: 
<br> 
 <img src="eyechart.jpg" alt="Eye Chart">  
</body> 
</html>

To create a Document object from a string, we will use the following sequence where the parse method processes the string that duplicates the previous HTML file:

    String html = "<html>\n" 
        + "<head><title>Example Document</title></head>\n" 
        + "<body>\n" 
        + "<p>The body of the document</p>\n" 
        + "Interesting Links:\n" 
        + "<br>\n" 
        + "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science">" + 
          "DataScience</a>\n"
        + "<br>\n" 
        + "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jsoup">" + 
          "Jsoup</a>\n"
        + "<br>\n" 
        + "Images:\n" 
        + "<br>\n" 
        + " <img src="eyechart.jpg" alt="Eye Chart"> \n"
        + "</body>\n" 
        + "</html>"; 
    Document document = Jsoup.parse(html);

The Document class possesses a number of useful methods. The title method returns the title. To get the text contents of the document, the select method is used. This method uses a string specifying the element of a document to retrieve:

    String title = document.title(); 
    out.println("Title: " + title); 
    Elements element = document.select("body"); 
    out.println("  Text: " + element.text());

The output for the Wikipedia data science page is shown here. It has been shortened to conserve space:

Title: Data science - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Text: Data science From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Not to be confused with information science. Part of a 
...
policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view

The parameter type of the select method is a string. By using a string, the type of information selected is easily changed. Details on how to formulate this string are found at the jsoup Javadocs for the Selector class at https://jsoup.org/apidocs/:

We can use the select method to retrieve the images in a document, as shown here:

    Elements images = document.select("img[src$=.png]"); 
    for (Element image : images) { 
        out.println("\nImage: " + image); 
    }

The output for the Wikipedia data science page is shown here. It has been shortened to conserve space:

Image: <img alt="Data Visualization" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/...>
Image: <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/...>

Links can be easily retrieved as shown next:

    Elements links = document.select("a[href]"); 
    for (Element link : links) { 
        out.println("Link: " + link.attr("href") 
            + " Text: " + link.text()); 
    }

The output for the Example.html page is shown here:

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science Text: Data Science
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jsoup Text: Jsoup

jsoup possesses many additional capabilities. However, this example demonstrates the web scraping process. There are also other Java HTML parsers available. A comparison of Java HTML parser, among others, can be found at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_HTML_parsers.

Using API calls to access common social media sites

Social media contain a wealth of information that can be processed and is used by many data analysis applications. In this section, we will illustrate how to access a few of these sources using their Java APIs. Most of them require some sort of access key, which is normally easy to obtain. We start with a discussion on the OAuth class, which provides one approach to authenticating access to a data source.

When working with the type of data source, it is important to keep in mind that the data is not always public. While it may be accessible, the owner of the data may be an individual who does not necessarily want the information shared. Most APIs provide a means to determine how the data can be distributed, and these requests should be honored. When private information is used, permission from the author must be obtained.

In addition, these sites have limits on the number of requests that can be made. Keep this in mind when pulling data from a site. If these limits need to be exceeded, then most sites provide a way of doing this.

Using OAuth to authenticate users

OAuth is an open standard used to authenticate users to many different websites. A resource owner effectively delegates access to a server resource without having to share their credentials. It works over HTTPS. OAuth 2.0 succeeded OAuth and is not backwards compatible. It provides client developers a simple way of providing authentication. Several companies use OAuth 2.0 including PayPal, Comcast, and Blizzard Entertainment.

A list of OAuth 2.0 providers is found at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_OAuth_providers. We will use several of these in our discussions.

Handing Twitter

The sheer volume of data and the popularity of the site, among celebrities and the general public alike, make Twitter a valuable resource for mining social media data. Twitter is a popular social media platform allowing users to read and post short messages called tweets. Twitter provides API support for posting and pulling tweets, including streaming data from all public users. While there are services available for pulling the entire set of public tweet data, we are going to examine other options that, while limiting in the amount of data retrieved at one time, are available at no cost.

We are going to focus on the Twitter API for retrieving streaming data. There are other options for retrieving tweets from a specific user as well as posting data to a specific account but we will not be addressing those in this chapter. The public stream API, at the default access level, allows the user to pull a sample of public tweets currently streaming on Twitter. It is possible to refine the data by specifying parameters to track keywords, specific users, and location.

We are going to use HBC, a Java HTTP client, for this example. You can download a sample HBC application at https://github.com/twitter/hbc. If you prefer to use a different HTTP client, ensure it will return incremental response data. The Apache HTTP client is one option. Before you can create the HTTP connection, you must first create a Twitter account and an application within that account. To get started with the app, visit apps.twitter.com. Once your app is created, you will be assigned a consumer key, consumer secret, access token, and access secret token. We will also use OAuth, as discussed previously in this chapter.

First, we will write a method to perform the authentication and request data from Twitter. The parameters for our method are the authentication information given to us by Twitter when we created our app. We will create a BlockingQueue object to hold our streaming data. For this example, we will set a default capacity of 10,000. We will also specify our endpoint and turn off stall warnings:

    public static void streamTwitter( 
        String consumerKey, String consumerSecret,  
        String accessToken, String accessSecret)  
            throws InterruptedException { 
 
        BlockingQueue<String> statusQueue =  
            new LinkedBlockingQueue<String>(10000); 
        StatusesSampleEndpoint ending =  
            new StatusesSampleEndpoint(); 
        ending.stallWarnings(false); 
        ... 
    }

Next, we create an Authentication object using OAuth1, a variation of the OAuth class. We can then build our connection client and complete the HTTP connection:

    Authentication twitterAuth = new OAuth1(consumerKey,  
        consumerSecret, accessToken, accessSecret); 
    BasicClient twitterClient = new ClientBuilder() 
            .name("Twitter client") 
            .hosts(Constants.STREAM_HOST) 
            .endpoint(ending) 
            .authentication(twitterAuth) 
            .processor(new StringDelimitedProcessor(statusQueue)) 
            .build(); 
    twitterClient.connect();

For the purposes of this example, we will simply read the messages received from the stream and print them to the screen. The messages are returned in JSON format and the decision of how to process them in a real application will depend upon the purpose and limitations of that application:

    for (int msgRead = 0; msgRead < 1000; msgRead++) { 
      if (twitterClient.isDone()) { 
        out.println(twitterClient.getExitEvent().getMessage()); 
        break; 
      } 
 
      String msg = statusQueue.poll(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS); 
      if (msg == null) { 
        out.println("Waited 10 seconds - no message received"); 
      } else { 
        out.println(msg); 
      } 
    } 
    twitterClient.stop();

To execute our method, we simply pass our authentication information to the streamTwitter method. For security purposes, we have replaced our personal keys here. Authentication information should always be protected:

    public static void main(String[] args) { 
   
      try { 
        SampleStreamExample.streamTwitter( 
            myKey, mySecret, myToken, myAccess);  
      } catch (InterruptedException e) { 
        out.println(e); 
      } 
    }

Here is truncated sample data retrieved using the methods listed above. Your data will vary based upon Twitter's live stream, but it should resemble this example:

{"created_at":"Fri May 20 15:47:21 +0000 2016","id":733685552789098496,"id_str":"733685552789098496","text":"bwisit si em bahala sya","source":"\u003ca href="http:\/\/twitter.com" rel="nofollow"\u003eTwitter Web 
...
ntions":[],"symbols":[]},"favorited":false,"retweeted":false,"filter_level":"low","lang":"tl","timestamp_ms":"1463759241660"}

Twitter also provides support for pulling all data for one specific user account, as well as posting data directly to an account. A REST API is also available and provides support for specific queries via the search API. These also use the OAuth standard and return data in JSON files.

Handling Wikipedia

Wikipedia (https://www.wikipedia.org/) is a useful source of text and image type information. It is an Internet encyclopedia that hosts 38 million articles written in over 250 languages (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia). As such, it is useful to know how to programmatically access its contents.

MediaWiki is an open source wiki application that supports wiki type sites. It is used to support Wikipedia and many other sites. The MediaWiki API (http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/API) provides access to a wiki's data and metadata over HTTP. An application, using this API, can log in, read data, and post changes to a site.

There are several Java APIs that support programmatic access to a wiki site as listed at https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/API:Client_code#Java. To demonstrate Java access to a wiki we will use Bliki found at https://bitbucket.org/axelclk/info.bliki.wiki/wiki/Home. It provides good access and is easy to use for most basic operations.

The MediaWiki API is complex and has many features. The intent of this section is to illustrate the basic process of obtaining text from a Wikipedia article using this API. It is not possible to cover the API completely here.

We will use the following classes from the info.bliki.api and info.bliki.wiki.model packages:

Page: Represents a retrieved page
User: Represents a user
WikiModel: Represents the wiki

Javadocs for Bliki are found at http://www.javadoc.io/doc/info.bliki.wiki/bliki-core/3.1.0.

The following example has been adapted from http://www.integratingstuff.com/2012/04/06/hook-into-wikipedia-using-java-and-the-mediawiki-api/. This example will access the English Wikipedia page for the subject, data science. We start by creating an instance of the User class. The first two arguments of the three-argument constructor are the user ID and password, respectively. In this case, they are empty strings. This combination allows us to read a page without having to set up an account. The third argument is the URL for the MediaWiki API page:

    User user = new User("", "",  
        "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php"); 
    user.login();

An account will enable us to modify the document. The queryContent method returns a list of Page objects for the subjects found in a string array. Each string should be the title of a page. In this example, we access a single page:

    String[] titles = {"Data science"}; 
    List<Page> pageList = user.queryContent(titles);

Each Page object contains the content of a page. There are several methods that will return the contents of the page. For each page, a WikiModel instance is created using the two-argument constructor. The first argument is the image base URL and the second argument is the link base URL. These URLs use Wiki variables called image and title, which will be replaced when creating links:

    for (Page page : pageList) { 
        WikiModel wikiModel = new WikiModel("${image}",  
            "${title}"); 
        ... 
    }

The render method will take the wiki page and render it to HTML. There is also a method to render the page to a PDF document:

    String htmlText = wikiModel.render(page.toString());

The HTML text is then displayed:

    out.println(htmlText);

A partial listing of the output follows:

<p>PageID: 35458904; NS: 0; Title: Data science; 
Image url: 
Content:
{{distinguish}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Data Visualization}}</p>
<p><b>Data science</b> is an interdisciplinary field about processes and systems to extract <a href="Knowledge" >knowledge</a> 
...

We can also obtain basic information about the article using one of several methods as shown here:

    out.println("Title: " + page.getTitle() + "\n" + 
        "Page ID: " + page.getPageid() + "\n" + 
        "Timestamp: " + page.getCurrentRevision().getTimestamp());

It is also possible to obtain a list of references in the article and a list of the headers. Here, a list of the references is displayed:

    List <Reference> referenceList = wikiModel.getReferences(); 
    out.println(referenceList.size()); 
    for(Reference reference : referenceList) { 
        out.println(reference.getRefString()); 
    }

The following illustrates the process of getting the section headers:

    ITableOfContent toc = wikiModel.getTableOfContent(); 
    List<SectionHeader> sections = toc.getSectionHeaders(); 
    for(SectionHeader sh : sections) { 
        out.println(sh.getFirst()); 
    }

The entire content of Wikipedia can be downloaded. This process is discussed at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Database_download.

It may be desirable to set up your own Wikipedia server to handle your request.

Handling Flickr

Flickr (https://www.flickr.com/) is an online photo management and sharing application. It is a possible source for images and videos. The Flickr Developer Guide (https://www.flickr.com/services/developer/) is a good starting point to learn more about Flickr's API.

One of the first steps to using the Flickr API is to request an API key. This key is used to sign your API requests. The process to obtain a key starts at https://www.flickr.com/services/apps/create/. Both commercial and noncommercial keys are available. When you obtain a key you will also get a "secret." Both of these are required to use the API.

We will illustrate the process of locating and downloading images from Flickr. The process involves:

Creating a Flickr class instance
Specifying the search parameters for a query
Performing the search
Downloading the image

A FlickrException or IOException may be thrown during this process. There are several APIs that support Flickr access. We will be using Flickr4Java, found at https://github.com/callmeal/Flickr4Java. The Flickr4Java Javadocs is found at http://flickrj.sourceforge.net/api/. We will start with a try block and the apikey and secret declarations:

    try { 
        String apikey = "Your API key"; 
        String secret = "Your secret"; 
 
    } catch (FlickrException | IOException ex) { 
        // Handle exceptions 
    }

The Flickr instance is created next, where the apikey and secret are supplied as the first two parameters. The last parameter specifies the transfer technique used to access Flickr servers. Currently, the REST transport is supported using the REST class:

    Flickr flickr = new Flickr(apikey, secret, new REST());

To search for images, we will use the SearchParameters class. This class supports a number of criteria that will narrow down the number of images returned from a query and includes such criteria as latitude, longitude, media type, and user ID. In the following sequence, the setBBox method specifies the longitude and latitude for the search. The parameters are (in order): minimum longitude, minimum latitude, maximum longitude, and maximum latitude. The setMedia method specifies the type of media. There are three possible arguments — "all", "photos", and "videos":

    SearchParameters searchParameters = new SearchParameters(); 
    searchParameters.setBBox("-180", "-90", "180", "90"); 
    searchParameters.setMedia("photos");

The PhotosInterface class possesses a search method that uses the SearchParameters instance to retrieve a list of photos. The getPhotosInterface method returns an instance of the PhotosInterface class, as shown next. The SearchParameters instance is the first parameter. The second parameter determines how many photos are retrieved per page and the third parameter is the offset. A PhotoList class instance is returned:

    PhotosInterface pi = new PhotosInterface(apikey, secret,  
        new REST()); 
    PhotoList<Photo> list = pi.search(searchParameters, 10, 0);

The next sequence illustrates the use of several methods to get information about the images retrieved. Each Photo instance is accessed using the get method. The title, image format, public flag, and photo URL are displayed:

    out.println("Image List"); 
    for (int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) { 
        Photo photo = list.get(i); 
        out.println("Image: " + i + 
            `"\nTitle: " + photo.getTitle() +  
            "\nMedia: " + photo.getOriginalFormat() + 
            "\nPublic: " + photo.isPublicFlag() + 
            "\nUrl: " + photo.getUrl() + 
            "\n"); 
    } 
    out.println();

A partial listing is shown here where many of the specific values have been modified to protect the original data:

Image List
Image: 0
Title: XYZ Image
Media: jpg
Public: true
Url: https://flickr.com/photos/7723...@N02/269...
Image: 1
Title: IMG_5555.jpg
Media: jpg
Public: true
Url: https://flickr.com/photos/2665...@N07/264...
Image: 2
Title: DSC05555
Media: jpg
Public: true
Url: https://flickr.com/photos/1179...@N04/264...

The list of images returned by this example will vary since we used a fairly wide search range and images are being added all of the time.

There are two approaches that we can use to download an image. The first uses the image's URL and the second uses a Photo object. The image's URL can be obtained from a number of sources. We use the Photo class getUrl method for this example.

In the following sequence, we obtain an instance of PhotosInterface using its constructor to illustrate an alternate approach:

    PhotosInterface pi = new PhotosInterface(apikey, secret,  
        new REST());

We get the first Photo instance from the previous list and then its getUrl to get the image's URL. The PhotosInterface class's getImage method returns a BufferedImage object representing the image as shown here:

    Photo currentPhoto = list.get(0);  
    BufferedImage bufferedImage =  
        pi.getImage(currentPhoto.getUrl());

The image is then saved to a file using the ImageIO class:

    File outputfile = new File("image.jpg"); 
    ImageIO.write(bufferedImage, "jpg", outputfile);

The getImage method is overloaded. Here, the Photo instance and the size of the image desired are used as arguments to get the BufferedImage instance:

    bufferedImage = pi.getImage(currentPhoto, Size.SMALL);

The image can be saved to a file using the previous technique.

The Flickr4Java API supports a number of other techniques for working with Flickr images.

Handling YouTube

YouTube is a popular video site where users can upload and share videos (https://www.youtube.com/). It has been used to share humorous videos, provide instructions on how to do any number of things, and share information among its viewers. It is a useful source of information as it captures the thoughts and ideas of a diverse group of people. This provides an interesting opportunity to analysis and gain insight into human behavior.

YouTube can serve as a useful source of videos and video metadata. A Java API is available to access its contents (https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/). Detailed documentation of the API is found at https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/docs/.

In this section, we will demonstrate how to search for videos by keyword and retrieve information of interest. We will also show how to download a video. To use the YouTube API, you will need a Google account, which can be obtained at https://www.google.com/accounts/NewAccount. Next, create an account in the Google Developer's Console (https://console.developers.google.com/). API access is supported using either API keys or OAuth 2.0 credentials. The project creation process and keys are discussed at https://developers.google.com/youtube/registering_an_application#create_project.

Searching by keyword

The process of searching for videos by keyword is adapted from https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/code_samples/java#search_by_keyword. Other potentially useful code examples can be found at https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/code_samples/java. The process has been simplified so that we can focus on the search process. We start with a try block and the creation of a YouTube instance. This class provides the basic access to the API. Javadocs for this API is found at https://developers.google.com/resources/api-libraries/documentation/youtube/v3/java/latest/.

The YouTube.Builder class is used to construct a YouTube instance. Its constructor takes three arguments:

Transport: Object used for HTTP
JSONFactory: Used to process JSON objects
HttpRequestInitializer: None is needed for this example

Many of the APIs responses will be in the form of JSON objects. The YouTube class' setApplicationName method gives it a name and the build method creates a new YouTube instance:

    try { 
        YouTube youtube = new YouTube.Builder( 
            Auth.HTTP_TRANSPORT, 
            Auth.JSON_FACTORY, 
            new HttpRequestInitializer() { 
                public void initialize(HttpRequest request)  
                        throws IOException { 
                } 
            }) 
                .setApplicationName("application_name") 
        ... 
    } catch (GoogleJSONResponseException ex) { 
        // Handle exceptions 
    } catch (IOException ex) { 
        // Handle exceptions 
    }

Next, we initialize a string to hold the search term of interest. In this case, we will look for videos containing the word cats:

    String queryTerm = "cats";

The class, YouTube.Search.List, maintains a collection of search results. The YouTube class's search method specifies the type of resource to be returned. In this case, the string specifies the id and snippet portions of the search result to be returned:

    YouTube.Search.List search = youtube 
        .search() 
        .list("id,snippet");

The search result is a JSON object that has the following structure. It is described in more detail at https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/docs/playlistItems#methods. In the previous sequence, only the id and snippet parts of a search will be returned, resulting in a more efficient operation:

{ 
  "kind": "youtube#searchResult", 
  "etag": etag, 
  "id": { 
    "kind": string, 
    "videoId": string, 
    "channelId": string, 
    "playlistId": string 
  }, 
  "snippet": { 
    "publishedAt": datetime, 
    "channelId": string, 
    "title": string, 
    "description": string, 
    "thumbnails": { 
      (key): { 
        "url": string, 
        "width": unsigned integer, 
        "height": unsigned integer 
      } 
    }, 
    "channelTitle": string, 
    "liveBroadcastContent": string 
  } 
}

Next, we need to specify the API key and various search parameters. The query term is specified, as well as the type of media to be returned. In this case, only videos will be returned. The other two options include channel and playlist:

    String apiKey = "Your API key"; 
    search.setKey(apiKey); 
    search.setQ(queryTerm); 
    search.setType("video");

In addition, we further specify the fields to be returned as shown here. These correspond to fields of the JSON object:

    search.setFields("items(id/kind,id/videoId,snippet/title," +  
        "snippet/description,snippet/thumbnails/default/url)");

We also specify the maximum number of results to retrieve using the setMaxResults method:

    search.setMaxResults(10L);

The execute method will perform the actual query, returning a SearchListResponse object. Its getItems method returns a list of SearchResult objects, one for each video retrieved:

    SearchListResponse searchResponse = search.execute(); 
    List<SearchResult> searchResultList =  
        searchResponse.getItems();

In this example, we do not iterate through each video returned. Instead, we retrieve the first video and display information about the video. The SearchResult video variable allows us to access different parts of the JSON object, as shown here:

    SearchResult video = searchResultList.iterator().next(); 
    Thumbnail thumbnail = video 
        .getSnippet().getThumbnails().getDefault(); 
 
    out.println("Kind: " + video.getKind()); 
    out.println("Video Id: " + video.getId().getVideoId()); 
    out.println("Title: " + video.getSnippet().getTitle()); 
    out.println("Description: " +  
        video.getSnippet().getDescription()); 
    out.println("Thumbnail: " + thumbnail.getUrl());

One possible output follows where parts of the output have been modified:

Kind: null
Video Id: tntO...
Title: Funny Cats ...
Description: Check out the ...
Thumbnail: https://i.ytimg.com/vi/tntO.../default.jpg

We have skipped many error checking steps to simplify the example, but these should be considered when implementing this in a business application.

If we need to download the video, one of the simplest ways is to use axet/wget found at https://github.com/axet/wget. It provides an easy-to-use technique to download the video using its video ID.

In the following example, a URL is created using the video ID. You will need to provide a video ID for this to work properly. The file is saved to the current directory with the video's title as the filename:

    String url = "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=videoID"; 
    String path = "."; 
    VGet vget = new VGet(new URL(url), new File(path)); 
    vget.download();

There are other more sophisticated download techniques found at the GitHub site.

Using the crawler4j web crawler

Here we will illustrate the use of the crawler4j (https://github.com/yasserg/crawler4j) web crawler. We will use an adapted version of the basic crawler found at https://github.com/yasserg/crawler4j/tree/master/src/test/java/edu/uci/ics/crawler4j/examples/basi c. We will create two classes: CrawlerController and SampleCrawler. The former class set ups the crawler while the latter contains the logic that controls what pages will be processed.

As with our previous crawler, we will crawl the Wikipedia article dealing with Bishop Rock. The results using this crawler will be smaller as many extraneous pages are ignored.

Let's look at the CrawlerController class first. There are several parameters that are used with the crawler as detailed here:

Crawl storage folder: The location where crawl data is stored
Number of crawlers: This controls the number of threads used for the crawl
Politeness delay: How many seconds to pause between requests
Crawl depth: How deep the crawl will go
Maximum number of pages to fetch: How many pages to fetch
Binary data: Whether to crawl binary data such as PDF files

The basic class is shown here:

public class CrawlerController { 
 
  public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { 
    int numberOfCrawlers = 2; 
    CrawlConfig config = new CrawlConfig(); 
    String crawlStorageFolder = "data"; 
     
    config.setCrawlStorageFolder(crawlStorageFolder); 
    config.setPolitenessDelay(500); 
    config.setMaxDepthOfCrawling(2); 
    config.setMaxPagesToFetch(20); 
    config.setIncludeBinaryContentInCrawling(false); 
    ... 
  } 
}

Next, the CrawlController class is created and configured. Notice the RobotstxtConfig and RobotstxtServer classes used to handle robot.txt files. These files contain instructions that are intended to be read by a web crawler. They provide direction to help a crawler to do a better job such as specifying which parts of a site should not be crawled. This is useful for auto generated pages:

    PageFetcher pageFetcher = new PageFetcher(config); 
    RobotstxtConfig robotstxtConfig = new RobotstxtConfig(); 
    RobotstxtServer robotstxtServer =  
        new RobotstxtServer(robotstxtConfig, pageFetcher); 
    CrawlController controller =  
        new CrawlController(config, pageFetcher, robotstxtServer);

The crawler needs to start at one or more pages. The addSeed method adds the starting pages. While we used the method only once here, it can be used as many times as needed:

    controller.addSeed( 
      "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_Rock,_Isles_of_Scilly");

The start method will begin the crawling process:

    controller.start(SampleCrawler.class, numberOfCrawlers);

The SampleCrawler class contains two methods of interest. The first is the shouldVisit method that determines whether a page will be visited and the visit method that actually handles the page. We start with the class declaration and the declaration of a Java regular expression class Pattern object. It will be one way of determining whether a page will be visited. In this declaration, standard images are specified and will be ignored:

    public class SampleCrawler extends WebCrawler { 
        private static final Pattern IMAGE_EXTENSIONS =  
            Pattern.compile(".*\\.(bmp|gif|jpg|png)$"); 
 
        ... 
    }

The shouldVisit method is passed a reference to the page where this URL was found along with the URL. If any of the images match, the method returns false and the page is ignored. In addition, the URL must start with https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/. We added this to restrict our searches to the Wikipedia website:

    public boolean shouldVisit(Page referringPage, WebURL url) { 
        String href = url.getURL().toLowerCase(); 
        if (IMAGE_EXTENSIONS.matcher(href).matches()) { 
            return false; 
        } 
        return href.startsWith("https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/"); 
    }

The visit method is passed a Page object representing the page being visited. In this implementation, only those pages containing the string shipping route will be processed. This further restricts the pages visited. When we find such a page, its URL, Text, and Text length are displayed:

    public void visit(Page page) { 
        String url = page.getWebURL().getURL(); 
 
        if (page.getParseData() instanceof HtmlParseData) { 
            HtmlParseData htmlParseData =  
                (HtmlParseData) page.getParseData(); 
            String text = htmlParseData.getText(); 
            if (text.contains("shipping route")) { 
                out.println("\nURL: " + url); 
                out.println("Text: " + text); 
                out.println("Text length: " + text.length()); 
            } 
        } 
    }

The following is the truncated output of the program when executed:

URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_Rock,_Isles_of_Scilly
Text: Bishop Rock, Isles of Scilly...From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia ... Jump to: ... navigation, search For the Bishop Rock in the Pacific Ocean, see Cortes Bank. Bishop Rock Bishop Rock Lighthouse (2005)
...
Text length: 14677

Notice that only one page was returned. This web crawler was able to identify and ignore previous versions of the main web page.

We could perform further processing, but this example provides some insight into how the API works. Significant amounts of information can be obtained when visiting a page. In the example, we only used the URL and the length of the text. The following is a sample of other data that you may be interested in obtaining:

URL path
Parent URL
Anchor
HTML text
Outgoing links
Document ID

Web scraping in Java

Web scraping is the process of extracting information from a web page. The page is typically formatted using a series of HTML tags. An HTML parser is used to navigate through a page or series of pages and to access the page's data or metadata.

Jsoup (https://jsoup.org/) is an open source Java library that facilitates extracting and manipulating HTML documents using an HTML parser. It is used for a number of purposes, including web scraping, extracting specific elements from an HTML page, and cleaning up HTML documents.

There are several ways of obtaining an HTML document that may be useful. The HTML document can be extracted from a:

URL
String
File

The first approach is illustrated next where the Wikipedia page for data science is loaded into a Document object. This Jsoup object represents the HTML document. The connect method connects to the site and the get method retrieves the document:

    try { 
        Document document = Jsoup.connect( 
            "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science").get(); 
        ... 
     } catch (IOException ex) { 
        // Handle exception 
    }

Loading from a file uses the File class as shown next. The overloaded parse method uses the file to create the document object:

    try { 
        File file = new File("Example.html"); 
        Document document = Jsoup.parse(file, "UTF-8", ""); 
        ... 
    } catch (IOException ex) { 
        // Handle exception 
    }

The Example.html file follows:

<html> 
<head><title>Example Document</title></head> 
<body> 
<p>The body of the document</p> 
Interesting Links: 
<br> 
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science">Data Science</a> 
<br> 
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jsoup">Jsoup</a> 
<br> 
Images: 
<br> 
 <img src="eyechart.jpg" alt="Eye Chart">  
</body> 
</html>

To create a Document object from a string, we will use the following sequence where the parse method processes the string that duplicates the previous HTML file:

    String html = "<html>\n" 
        + "<head><title>Example Document</title></head>\n" 
        + "<body>\n" 
        + "<p>The body of the document</p>\n" 
        + "Interesting Links:\n" 
        + "<br>\n" 
        + "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science">" + 
          "DataScience</a>\n"
        + "<br>\n" 
        + "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jsoup">" + 
          "Jsoup</a>\n"
        + "<br>\n" 
        + "Images:\n" 
        + "<br>\n" 
        + " <img src="eyechart.jpg" alt="Eye Chart"> \n"
        + "</body>\n" 
        + "</html>"; 
    Document document = Jsoup.parse(html);

The Document class possesses a number of useful methods. The title method returns the title. To get the text contents of the document, the select method is used. This method uses a string specifying the element of a document to retrieve:

    String title = document.title(); 
    out.println("Title: " + title); 
    Elements element = document.select("body"); 
    out.println("  Text: " + element.text());

The output for the Wikipedia data science page is shown here. It has been shortened to conserve space:

Title: Data science - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Text: Data science From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Not to be confused with information science. Part of a 
...
policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view

The parameter type of the select method is a string. By using a string, the type of information selected is easily changed. Details on how to formulate this string are found at the jsoup Javadocs for the Selector class at https://jsoup.org/apidocs/:

We can use the select method to retrieve the images in a document, as shown here:

    Elements images = document.select("img[src$=.png]"); 
    for (Element image : images) { 
        out.println("\nImage: " + image); 
    }

The output for the Wikipedia data science page is shown here. It has been shortened to conserve space:

Image: <img alt="Data Visualization" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/...>
Image: <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/...>

Links can be easily retrieved as shown next:

    Elements links = document.select("a[href]"); 
    for (Element link : links) { 
        out.println("Link: " + link.attr("href") 
            + " Text: " + link.text()); 
    }

The output for the Example.html page is shown here:

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science Text: Data Science
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jsoup Text: Jsoup

jsoup possesses many additional capabilities. However, this example demonstrates the web scraping process. There are also other Java HTML parsers available. A comparison of Java HTML parser, among others, can be found at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_HTML_parsers.

Using API calls to access common social media sites

Social media contain a wealth of information that can be processed and is used by many data analysis applications. In this section, we will illustrate how to access a few of these sources using their Java APIs. Most of them require some sort of access key, which is normally easy to obtain. We start with a discussion on the OAuth class, which provides one approach to authenticating access to a data source.

When working with the type of data source, it is important to keep in mind that the data is not always public. While it may be accessible, the owner of the data may be an individual who does not necessarily want the information shared. Most APIs provide a means to determine how the data can be distributed, and these requests should be honored. When private information is used, permission from the author must be obtained.

In addition, these sites have limits on the number of requests that can be made. Keep this in mind when pulling data from a site. If these limits need to be exceeded, then most sites provide a way of doing this.

Using OAuth to authenticate users

OAuth is an open standard used to authenticate users to many different websites. A resource owner effectively delegates access to a server resource without having to share their credentials. It works over HTTPS. OAuth 2.0 succeeded OAuth and is not backwards compatible. It provides client developers a simple way of providing authentication. Several companies use OAuth 2.0 including PayPal, Comcast, and Blizzard Entertainment.

A list of OAuth 2.0 providers is found at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_OAuth_providers. We will use several of these in our discussions.

Handing Twitter

The sheer volume of data and the popularity of the site, among celebrities and the general public alike, make Twitter a valuable resource for mining social media data. Twitter is a popular social media platform allowing users to read and post short messages called tweets. Twitter provides API support for posting and pulling tweets, including streaming data from all public users. While there are services available for pulling the entire set of public tweet data, we are going to examine other options that, while limiting in the amount of data retrieved at one time, are available at no cost.

We are going to focus on the Twitter API for retrieving streaming data. There are other options for retrieving tweets from a specific user as well as posting data to a specific account but we will not be addressing those in this chapter. The public stream API, at the default access level, allows the user to pull a sample of public tweets currently streaming on Twitter. It is possible to refine the data by specifying parameters to track keywords, specific users, and location.

We are going to use HBC, a Java HTTP client, for this example. You can download a sample HBC application at https://github.com/twitter/hbc. If you prefer to use a different HTTP client, ensure it will return incremental response data. The Apache HTTP client is one option. Before you can create the HTTP connection, you must first create a Twitter account and an application within that account. To get started with the app, visit apps.twitter.com. Once your app is created, you will be assigned a consumer key, consumer secret, access token, and access secret token. We will also use OAuth, as discussed previously in this chapter.

First, we will write a method to perform the authentication and request data from Twitter. The parameters for our method are the authentication information given to us by Twitter when we created our app. We will create a BlockingQueue object to hold our streaming data. For this example, we will set a default capacity of 10,000. We will also specify our endpoint and turn off stall warnings:

    public static void streamTwitter( 
        String consumerKey, String consumerSecret,  
        String accessToken, String accessSecret)  
            throws InterruptedException { 
 
        BlockingQueue<String> statusQueue =  
            new LinkedBlockingQueue<String>(10000); 
        StatusesSampleEndpoint ending =  
            new StatusesSampleEndpoint(); 
        ending.stallWarnings(false); 
        ... 
    }

Next, we create an Authentication object using OAuth1, a variation of the OAuth class. We can then build our connection client and complete the HTTP connection:

    Authentication twitterAuth = new OAuth1(consumerKey,  
        consumerSecret, accessToken, accessSecret); 
    BasicClient twitterClient = new ClientBuilder() 
            .name("Twitter client") 
            .hosts(Constants.STREAM_HOST) 
            .endpoint(ending) 
            .authentication(twitterAuth) 
            .processor(new StringDelimitedProcessor(statusQueue)) 
            .build(); 
    twitterClient.connect();

For the purposes of this example, we will simply read the messages received from the stream and print them to the screen. The messages are returned in JSON format and the decision of how to process them in a real application will depend upon the purpose and limitations of that application:

    for (int msgRead = 0; msgRead < 1000; msgRead++) { 
      if (twitterClient.isDone()) { 
        out.println(twitterClient.getExitEvent().getMessage()); 
        break; 
      } 
 
      String msg = statusQueue.poll(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS); 
      if (msg == null) { 
        out.println("Waited 10 seconds - no message received"); 
      } else { 
        out.println(msg); 
      } 
    } 
    twitterClient.stop();

To execute our method, we simply pass our authentication information to the streamTwitter method. For security purposes, we have replaced our personal keys here. Authentication information should always be protected:

    public static void main(String[] args) { 
   
      try { 
        SampleStreamExample.streamTwitter( 
            myKey, mySecret, myToken, myAccess);  
      } catch (InterruptedException e) { 
        out.println(e); 
      } 
    }

Here is truncated sample data retrieved using the methods listed above. Your data will vary based upon Twitter's live stream, but it should resemble this example:

{"created_at":"Fri May 20 15:47:21 +0000 2016","id":733685552789098496,"id_str":"733685552789098496","text":"bwisit si em bahala sya","source":"\u003ca href="http:\/\/twitter.com" rel="nofollow"\u003eTwitter Web 
...
ntions":[],"symbols":[]},"favorited":false,"retweeted":false,"filter_level":"low","lang":"tl","timestamp_ms":"1463759241660"}

Twitter also provides support for pulling all data for one specific user account, as well as posting data directly to an account. A REST API is also available and provides support for specific queries via the search API. These also use the OAuth standard and return data in JSON files.

Handling Wikipedia

Wikipedia (https://www.wikipedia.org/) is a useful source of text and image type information. It is an Internet encyclopedia that hosts 38 million articles written in over 250 languages (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia). As such, it is useful to know how to programmatically access its contents.

MediaWiki is an open source wiki application that supports wiki type sites. It is used to support Wikipedia and many other sites. The MediaWiki API (http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/API) provides access to a wiki's data and metadata over HTTP. An application, using this API, can log in, read data, and post changes to a site.

There are several Java APIs that support programmatic access to a wiki site as listed at https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/API:Client_code#Java. To demonstrate Java access to a wiki we will use Bliki found at https://bitbucket.org/axelclk/info.bliki.wiki/wiki/Home. It provides good access and is easy to use for most basic operations.

The MediaWiki API is complex and has many features. The intent of this section is to illustrate the basic process of obtaining text from a Wikipedia article using this API. It is not possible to cover the API completely here.

We will use the following classes from the info.bliki.api and info.bliki.wiki.model packages:

Page: Represents a retrieved page
User: Represents a user
WikiModel: Represents the wiki

Javadocs for Bliki are found at http://www.javadoc.io/doc/info.bliki.wiki/bliki-core/3.1.0.

The following example has been adapted from http://www.integratingstuff.com/2012/04/06/hook-into-wikipedia-using-java-and-the-mediawiki-api/. This example will access the English Wikipedia page for the subject, data science. We start by creating an instance of the User class. The first two arguments of the three-argument constructor are the user ID and password, respectively. In this case, they are empty strings. This combination allows us to read a page without having to set up an account. The third argument is the URL for the MediaWiki API page:

    User user = new User("", "",  
        "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php"); 
    user.login();

An account will enable us to modify the document. The queryContent method returns a list of Page objects for the subjects found in a string array. Each string should be the title of a page. In this example, we access a single page:

    String[] titles = {"Data science"}; 
    List<Page> pageList = user.queryContent(titles);

Each Page object contains the content of a page. There are several methods that will return the contents of the page. For each page, a WikiModel instance is created using the two-argument constructor. The first argument is the image base URL and the second argument is the link base URL. These URLs use Wiki variables called image and title, which will be replaced when creating links:

    for (Page page : pageList) { 
        WikiModel wikiModel = new WikiModel("${image}",  
            "${title}"); 
        ... 
    }

The render method will take the wiki page and render it to HTML. There is also a method to render the page to a PDF document:

    String htmlText = wikiModel.render(page.toString());

The HTML text is then displayed:

    out.println(htmlText);

A partial listing of the output follows:

<p>PageID: 35458904; NS: 0; Title: Data science; 
Image url: 
Content:
{{distinguish}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Data Visualization}}</p>
<p><b>Data science</b> is an interdisciplinary field about processes and systems to extract <a href="Knowledge" >knowledge</a> 
...

We can also obtain basic information about the article using one of several methods as shown here:

    out.println("Title: " + page.getTitle() + "\n" + 
        "Page ID: " + page.getPageid() + "\n" + 
        "Timestamp: " + page.getCurrentRevision().getTimestamp());

It is also possible to obtain a list of references in the article and a list of the headers. Here, a list of the references is displayed:

    List <Reference> referenceList = wikiModel.getReferences(); 
    out.println(referenceList.size()); 
    for(Reference reference : referenceList) { 
        out.println(reference.getRefString()); 
    }

The following illustrates the process of getting the section headers:

    ITableOfContent toc = wikiModel.getTableOfContent(); 
    List<SectionHeader> sections = toc.getSectionHeaders(); 
    for(SectionHeader sh : sections) { 
        out.println(sh.getFirst()); 
    }

The entire content of Wikipedia can be downloaded. This process is discussed at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Database_download.

It may be desirable to set up your own Wikipedia server to handle your request.

Handling Flickr

Flickr (https://www.flickr.com/) is an online photo management and sharing application. It is a possible source for images and videos. The Flickr Developer Guide (https://www.flickr.com/services/developer/) is a good starting point to learn more about Flickr's API.

One of the first steps to using the Flickr API is to request an API key. This key is used to sign your API requests. The process to obtain a key starts at https://www.flickr.com/services/apps/create/. Both commercial and noncommercial keys are available. When you obtain a key you will also get a "secret." Both of these are required to use the API.

We will illustrate the process of locating and downloading images from Flickr. The process involves:

Creating a Flickr class instance
Specifying the search parameters for a query
Performing the search
Downloading the image

A FlickrException or IOException may be thrown during this process. There are several APIs that support Flickr access. We will be using Flickr4Java, found at https://github.com/callmeal/Flickr4Java. The Flickr4Java Javadocs is found at http://flickrj.sourceforge.net/api/. We will start with a try block and the apikey and secret declarations:

    try { 
        String apikey = "Your API key"; 
        String secret = "Your secret"; 
 
    } catch (FlickrException | IOException ex) { 
        // Handle exceptions 
    }

The Flickr instance is created next, where the apikey and secret are supplied as the first two parameters. The last parameter specifies the transfer technique used to access Flickr servers. Currently, the REST transport is supported using the REST class:

    Flickr flickr = new Flickr(apikey, secret, new REST());

To search for images, we will use the SearchParameters class. This class supports a number of criteria that will narrow down the number of images returned from a query and includes such criteria as latitude, longitude, media type, and user ID. In the following sequence, the setBBox method specifies the longitude and latitude for the search. The parameters are (in order): minimum longitude, minimum latitude, maximum longitude, and maximum latitude. The setMedia method specifies the type of media. There are three possible arguments — "all", "photos", and "videos":

    SearchParameters searchParameters = new SearchParameters(); 
    searchParameters.setBBox("-180", "-90", "180", "90"); 
    searchParameters.setMedia("photos");

The PhotosInterface class possesses a search method that uses the SearchParameters instance to retrieve a list of photos. The getPhotosInterface method returns an instance of the PhotosInterface class, as shown next. The SearchParameters instance is the first parameter. The second parameter determines how many photos are retrieved per page and the third parameter is the offset. A PhotoList class instance is returned:

    PhotosInterface pi = new PhotosInterface(apikey, secret,  
        new REST()); 
    PhotoList<Photo> list = pi.search(searchParameters, 10, 0);

The next sequence illustrates the use of several methods to get information about the images retrieved. Each Photo instance is accessed using the get method. The title, image format, public flag, and photo URL are displayed:

    out.println("Image List"); 
    for (int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) { 
        Photo photo = list.get(i); 
        out.println("Image: " + i + 
            `"\nTitle: " + photo.getTitle() +  
            "\nMedia: " + photo.getOriginalFormat() + 
            "\nPublic: " + photo.isPublicFlag() + 
            "\nUrl: " + photo.getUrl() + 
            "\n"); 
    } 
    out.println();

A partial listing is shown here where many of the specific values have been modified to protect the original data:

Image List
Image: 0
Title: XYZ Image
Media: jpg
Public: true
Url: https://flickr.com/photos/7723...@N02/269...
Image: 1
Title: IMG_5555.jpg
Media: jpg
Public: true
Url: https://flickr.com/photos/2665...@N07/264...
Image: 2
Title: DSC05555
Media: jpg
Public: true
Url: https://flickr.com/photos/1179...@N04/264...

The list of images returned by this example will vary since we used a fairly wide search range and images are being added all of the time.

There are two approaches that we can use to download an image. The first uses the image's URL and the second uses a Photo object. The image's URL can be obtained from a number of sources. We use the Photo class getUrl method for this example.

In the following sequence, we obtain an instance of PhotosInterface using its constructor to illustrate an alternate approach:

    PhotosInterface pi = new PhotosInterface(apikey, secret,  
        new REST());

We get the first Photo instance from the previous list and then its getUrl to get the image's URL. The PhotosInterface class's getImage method returns a BufferedImage object representing the image as shown here:

    Photo currentPhoto = list.get(0);  
    BufferedImage bufferedImage =  
        pi.getImage(currentPhoto.getUrl());

The image is then saved to a file using the ImageIO class:

    File outputfile = new File("image.jpg"); 
    ImageIO.write(bufferedImage, "jpg", outputfile);

The getImage method is overloaded. Here, the Photo instance and the size of the image desired are used as arguments to get the BufferedImage instance:

    bufferedImage = pi.getImage(currentPhoto, Size.SMALL);

The image can be saved to a file using the previous technique.

The Flickr4Java API supports a number of other techniques for working with Flickr images.

Handling YouTube

YouTube is a popular video site where users can upload and share videos (https://www.youtube.com/). It has been used to share humorous videos, provide instructions on how to do any number of things, and share information among its viewers. It is a useful source of information as it captures the thoughts and ideas of a diverse group of people. This provides an interesting opportunity to analysis and gain insight into human behavior.

YouTube can serve as a useful source of videos and video metadata. A Java API is available to access its contents (https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/). Detailed documentation of the API is found at https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/docs/.

In this section, we will demonstrate how to search for videos by keyword and retrieve information of interest. We will also show how to download a video. To use the YouTube API, you will need a Google account, which can be obtained at https://www.google.com/accounts/NewAccount. Next, create an account in the Google Developer's Console (https://console.developers.google.com/). API access is supported using either API keys or OAuth 2.0 credentials. The project creation process and keys are discussed at https://developers.google.com/youtube/registering_an_application#create_project.

Searching by keyword

The process of searching for videos by keyword is adapted from https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/code_samples/java#search_by_keyword. Other potentially useful code examples can be found at https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/code_samples/java. The process has been simplified so that we can focus on the search process. We start with a try block and the creation of a YouTube instance. This class provides the basic access to the API. Javadocs for this API is found at https://developers.google.com/resources/api-libraries/documentation/youtube/v3/java/latest/.

The YouTube.Builder class is used to construct a YouTube instance. Its constructor takes three arguments:

Transport: Object used for HTTP
JSONFactory: Used to process JSON objects
HttpRequestInitializer: None is needed for this example

Many of the APIs responses will be in the form of JSON objects. The YouTube class' setApplicationName method gives it a name and the build method creates a new YouTube instance:

    try { 
        YouTube youtube = new YouTube.Builder( 
            Auth.HTTP_TRANSPORT, 
            Auth.JSON_FACTORY, 
            new HttpRequestInitializer() { 
                public void initialize(HttpRequest request)  
                        throws IOException { 
                } 
            }) 
                .setApplicationName("application_name") 
        ... 
    } catch (GoogleJSONResponseException ex) { 
        // Handle exceptions 
    } catch (IOException ex) { 
        // Handle exceptions 
    }

Next, we initialize a string to hold the search term of interest. In this case, we will look for videos containing the word cats:

    String queryTerm = "cats";

The class, YouTube.Search.List, maintains a collection of search results. The YouTube class's search method specifies the type of resource to be returned. In this case, the string specifies the id and snippet portions of the search result to be returned:

    YouTube.Search.List search = youtube 
        .search() 
        .list("id,snippet");

The search result is a JSON object that has the following structure. It is described in more detail at https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/docs/playlistItems#methods. In the previous sequence, only the id and snippet parts of a search will be returned, resulting in a more efficient operation:

{ 
  "kind": "youtube#searchResult", 
  "etag": etag, 
  "id": { 
    "kind": string, 
    "videoId": string, 
    "channelId": string, 
    "playlistId": string 
  }, 
  "snippet": { 
    "publishedAt": datetime, 
    "channelId": string, 
    "title": string, 
    "description": string, 
    "thumbnails": { 
      (key): { 
        "url": string, 
        "width": unsigned integer, 
        "height": unsigned integer 
      } 
    }, 
    "channelTitle": string, 
    "liveBroadcastContent": string 
  } 
}

Next, we need to specify the API key and various search parameters. The query term is specified, as well as the type of media to be returned. In this case, only videos will be returned. The other two options include channel and playlist:

    String apiKey = "Your API key"; 
    search.setKey(apiKey); 
    search.setQ(queryTerm); 
    search.setType("video");

In addition, we further specify the fields to be returned as shown here. These correspond to fields of the JSON object:

    search.setFields("items(id/kind,id/videoId,snippet/title," +  
        "snippet/description,snippet/thumbnails/default/url)");

We also specify the maximum number of results to retrieve using the setMaxResults method:

    search.setMaxResults(10L);

The execute method will perform the actual query, returning a SearchListResponse object. Its getItems method returns a list of SearchResult objects, one for each video retrieved:

    SearchListResponse searchResponse = search.execute(); 
    List<SearchResult> searchResultList =  
        searchResponse.getItems();

In this example, we do not iterate through each video returned. Instead, we retrieve the first video and display information about the video. The SearchResult video variable allows us to access different parts of the JSON object, as shown here:

    SearchResult video = searchResultList.iterator().next(); 
    Thumbnail thumbnail = video 
        .getSnippet().getThumbnails().getDefault(); 
 
    out.println("Kind: " + video.getKind()); 
    out.println("Video Id: " + video.getId().getVideoId()); 
    out.println("Title: " + video.getSnippet().getTitle()); 
    out.println("Description: " +  
        video.getSnippet().getDescription()); 
    out.println("Thumbnail: " + thumbnail.getUrl());

One possible output follows where parts of the output have been modified:

Kind: null
Video Id: tntO...
Title: Funny Cats ...
Description: Check out the ...
Thumbnail: https://i.ytimg.com/vi/tntO.../default.jpg

We have skipped many error checking steps to simplify the example, but these should be considered when implementing this in a business application.

If we need to download the video, one of the simplest ways is to use axet/wget found at https://github.com/axet/wget. It provides an easy-to-use technique to download the video using its video ID.

In the following example, a URL is created using the video ID. You will need to provide a video ID for this to work properly. The file is saved to the current directory with the video's title as the filename:

    String url = "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=videoID"; 
    String path = "."; 
    VGet vget = new VGet(new URL(url), new File(path)); 
    vget.download();

There are other more sophisticated download techniques found at the GitHub site.

Web scraping in Java

Web scraping is the process of extracting information from a web page. The page is typically formatted using a series of HTML tags. An HTML parser is used to navigate through a page or series of pages and to access the page's data or metadata.

Jsoup (https://jsoup.org/) is an open source Java library that facilitates extracting and manipulating HTML documents using an HTML parser. It is used for a number of purposes, including web scraping, extracting specific elements from an HTML page, and cleaning up HTML documents.

There are several ways of obtaining an HTML document that may be useful. The HTML document can be extracted from a:

URL
String
File

The first approach is illustrated next where the Wikipedia page for data science is loaded into a Document object. This Jsoup object represents the HTML document. The connect method connects to the site and the get method retrieves the document:

    try { 
        Document document = Jsoup.connect( 
            "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science").get(); 
        ... 
     } catch (IOException ex) { 
        // Handle exception 
    }

Loading from a file uses the File class as shown next. The overloaded parse method uses the file to create the document object:

    try { 
        File file = new File("Example.html"); 
        Document document = Jsoup.parse(file, "UTF-8", ""); 
        ... 
    } catch (IOException ex) { 
        // Handle exception 
    }

The Example.html file follows:

<html> 
<head><title>Example Document</title></head> 
<body> 
<p>The body of the document</p> 
Interesting Links: 
<br> 
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science">Data Science</a> 
<br> 
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jsoup">Jsoup</a> 
<br> 
Images: 
<br> 
 <img src="eyechart.jpg" alt="Eye Chart">  
</body> 
</html>

To create a Document object from a string, we will use the following sequence where the parse method processes the string that duplicates the previous HTML file:

    String html = "<html>\n" 
        + "<head><title>Example Document</title></head>\n" 
        + "<body>\n" 
        + "<p>The body of the document</p>\n" 
        + "Interesting Links:\n" 
        + "<br>\n" 
        + "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science">" + 
          "DataScience</a>\n"
        + "<br>\n" 
        + "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jsoup">" + 
          "Jsoup</a>\n"
        + "<br>\n" 
        + "Images:\n" 
        + "<br>\n" 
        + " <img src="eyechart.jpg" alt="Eye Chart"> \n"
        + "</body>\n" 
        + "</html>"; 
    Document document = Jsoup.parse(html);

The Document class possesses a number of useful methods. The title method returns the title. To get the text contents of the document, the select method is used. This method uses a string specifying the element of a document to retrieve:

    String title = document.title(); 
    out.println("Title: " + title); 
    Elements element = document.select("body"); 
    out.println("  Text: " + element.text());

The output for the Wikipedia data science page is shown here. It has been shortened to conserve space:

Title: Data science - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Text: Data science From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Not to be confused with information science. Part of a 
...
policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view

The parameter type of the select method is a string. By using a string, the type of information selected is easily changed. Details on how to formulate this string are found at the jsoup Javadocs for the Selector class at https://jsoup.org/apidocs/:

We can use the select method to retrieve the images in a document, as shown here:

    Elements images = document.select("img[src$=.png]"); 
    for (Element image : images) { 
        out.println("\nImage: " + image); 
    }

The output for the Wikipedia data science page is shown here. It has been shortened to conserve space:

Image: <img alt="Data Visualization" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/...>
Image: <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/...>

Links can be easily retrieved as shown next:

    Elements links = document.select("a[href]"); 
    for (Element link : links) { 
        out.println("Link: " + link.attr("href") 
            + " Text: " + link.text()); 
    }

The output for the Example.html page is shown here:

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science Text: Data Science
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jsoup Text: Jsoup

jsoup possesses many additional capabilities. However, this example demonstrates the web scraping process. There are also other Java HTML parsers available. A comparison of Java HTML parser, among others, can be found at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_HTML_parsers.

Using API calls to access common social media sites

Social media contain a wealth of information that can be processed and is used by many data analysis applications. In this section, we will illustrate how to access a few of these sources using their Java APIs. Most of them require some sort of access key, which is normally easy to obtain. We start with a discussion on the OAuth class, which provides one approach to authenticating access to a data source.

When working with the type of data source, it is important to keep in mind that the data is not always public. While it may be accessible, the owner of the data may be an individual who does not necessarily want the information shared. Most APIs provide a means to determine how the data can be distributed, and these requests should be honored. When private information is used, permission from the author must be obtained.

In addition, these sites have limits on the number of requests that can be made. Keep this in mind when pulling data from a site. If these limits need to be exceeded, then most sites provide a way of doing this.

Using OAuth to authenticate users

OAuth is an open standard used to authenticate users to many different websites. A resource owner effectively delegates access to a server resource without having to share their credentials. It works over HTTPS. OAuth 2.0 succeeded OAuth and is not backwards compatible. It provides client developers a simple way of providing authentication. Several companies use OAuth 2.0 including PayPal, Comcast, and Blizzard Entertainment.

A list of OAuth 2.0 providers is found at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_OAuth_providers. We will use several of these in our discussions.

Handing Twitter

The sheer volume of data and the popularity of the site, among celebrities and the general public alike, make Twitter a valuable resource for mining social media data. Twitter is a popular social media platform allowing users to read and post short messages called tweets. Twitter provides API support for posting and pulling tweets, including streaming data from all public users. While there are services available for pulling the entire set of public tweet data, we are going to examine other options that, while limiting in the amount of data retrieved at one time, are available at no cost.

We are going to focus on the Twitter API for retrieving streaming data. There are other options for retrieving tweets from a specific user as well as posting data to a specific account but we will not be addressing those in this chapter. The public stream API, at the default access level, allows the user to pull a sample of public tweets currently streaming on Twitter. It is possible to refine the data by specifying parameters to track keywords, specific users, and location.

We are going to use HBC, a Java HTTP client, for this example. You can download a sample HBC application at https://github.com/twitter/hbc. If you prefer to use a different HTTP client, ensure it will return incremental response data. The Apache HTTP client is one option. Before you can create the HTTP connection, you must first create a Twitter account and an application within that account. To get started with the app, visit apps.twitter.com. Once your app is created, you will be assigned a consumer key, consumer secret, access token, and access secret token. We will also use OAuth, as discussed previously in this chapter.

First, we will write a method to perform the authentication and request data from Twitter. The parameters for our method are the authentication information given to us by Twitter when we created our app. We will create a BlockingQueue object to hold our streaming data. For this example, we will set a default capacity of 10,000. We will also specify our endpoint and turn off stall warnings:

    public static void streamTwitter( 
        String consumerKey, String consumerSecret,  
        String accessToken, String accessSecret)  
            throws InterruptedException { 
 
        BlockingQueue<String> statusQueue =  
            new LinkedBlockingQueue<String>(10000); 
        StatusesSampleEndpoint ending =  
            new StatusesSampleEndpoint(); 
        ending.stallWarnings(false); 
        ... 
    }

Next, we create an Authentication object using OAuth1, a variation of the OAuth class. We can then build our connection client and complete the HTTP connection:

    Authentication twitterAuth = new OAuth1(consumerKey,  
        consumerSecret, accessToken, accessSecret); 
    BasicClient twitterClient = new ClientBuilder() 
            .name("Twitter client") 
            .hosts(Constants.STREAM_HOST) 
            .endpoint(ending) 
            .authentication(twitterAuth) 
            .processor(new StringDelimitedProcessor(statusQueue)) 
            .build(); 
    twitterClient.connect();

For the purposes of this example, we will simply read the messages received from the stream and print them to the screen. The messages are returned in JSON format and the decision of how to process them in a real application will depend upon the purpose and limitations of that application:

    for (int msgRead = 0; msgRead < 1000; msgRead++) { 
      if (twitterClient.isDone()) { 
        out.println(twitterClient.getExitEvent().getMessage()); 
        break; 
      } 
 
      String msg = statusQueue.poll(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS); 
      if (msg == null) { 
        out.println("Waited 10 seconds - no message received"); 
      } else { 
        out.println(msg); 
      } 
    } 
    twitterClient.stop();

To execute our method, we simply pass our authentication information to the streamTwitter method. For security purposes, we have replaced our personal keys here. Authentication information should always be protected:

    public static void main(String[] args) { 
   
      try { 
        SampleStreamExample.streamTwitter( 
            myKey, mySecret, myToken, myAccess);  
      } catch (InterruptedException e) { 
        out.println(e); 
      } 
    }

Here is truncated sample data retrieved using the methods listed above. Your data will vary based upon Twitter's live stream, but it should resemble this example:

{"created_at":"Fri May 20 15:47:21 +0000 2016","id":733685552789098496,"id_str":"733685552789098496","text":"bwisit si em bahala sya","source":"\u003ca href="http:\/\/twitter.com" rel="nofollow"\u003eTwitter Web 
...
ntions":[],"symbols":[]},"favorited":false,"retweeted":false,"filter_level":"low","lang":"tl","timestamp_ms":"1463759241660"}

Twitter also provides support for pulling all data for one specific user account, as well as posting data directly to an account. A REST API is also available and provides support for specific queries via the search API. These also use the OAuth standard and return data in JSON files.

Handling Wikipedia

Wikipedia (https://www.wikipedia.org/) is a useful source of text and image type information. It is an Internet encyclopedia that hosts 38 million articles written in over 250 languages (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia). As such, it is useful to know how to programmatically access its contents.

MediaWiki is an open source wiki application that supports wiki type sites. It is used to support Wikipedia and many other sites. The MediaWiki API (http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/API) provides access to a wiki's data and metadata over HTTP. An application, using this API, can log in, read data, and post changes to a site.

There are several Java APIs that support programmatic access to a wiki site as listed at https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/API:Client_code#Java. To demonstrate Java access to a wiki we will use Bliki found at https://bitbucket.org/axelclk/info.bliki.wiki/wiki/Home. It provides good access and is easy to use for most basic operations.

The MediaWiki API is complex and has many features. The intent of this section is to illustrate the basic process of obtaining text from a Wikipedia article using this API. It is not possible to cover the API completely here.

We will use the following classes from the info.bliki.api and info.bliki.wiki.model packages:

Page: Represents a retrieved page
User: Represents a user
WikiModel: Represents the wiki

Javadocs for Bliki are found at http://www.javadoc.io/doc/info.bliki.wiki/bliki-core/3.1.0.

The following example has been adapted from http://www.integratingstuff.com/2012/04/06/hook-into-wikipedia-using-java-and-the-mediawiki-api/. This example will access the English Wikipedia page for the subject, data science. We start by creating an instance of the User class. The first two arguments of the three-argument constructor are the user ID and password, respectively. In this case, they are empty strings. This combination allows us to read a page without having to set up an account. The third argument is the URL for the MediaWiki API page:

    User user = new User("", "",  
        "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php"); 
    user.login();

An account will enable us to modify the document. The queryContent method returns a list of Page objects for the subjects found in a string array. Each string should be the title of a page. In this example, we access a single page:

    String[] titles = {"Data science"}; 
    List<Page> pageList = user.queryContent(titles);

Each Page object contains the content of a page. There are several methods that will return the contents of the page. For each page, a WikiModel instance is created using the two-argument constructor. The first argument is the image base URL and the second argument is the link base URL. These URLs use Wiki variables called image and title, which will be replaced when creating links:

    for (Page page : pageList) { 
        WikiModel wikiModel = new WikiModel("${image}",  
            "${title}"); 
        ... 
    }

The render method will take the wiki page and render it to HTML. There is also a method to render the page to a PDF document:

    String htmlText = wikiModel.render(page.toString());

The HTML text is then displayed:

    out.println(htmlText);

A partial listing of the output follows:

<p>PageID: 35458904; NS: 0; Title: Data science; 
Image url: 
Content:
{{distinguish}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Data Visualization}}</p>
<p><b>Data science</b> is an interdisciplinary field about processes and systems to extract <a href="Knowledge" >knowledge</a> 
...

We can also obtain basic information about the article using one of several methods as shown here:

    out.println("Title: " + page.getTitle() + "\n" + 
        "Page ID: " + page.getPageid() + "\n" + 
        "Timestamp: " + page.getCurrentRevision().getTimestamp());

It is also possible to obtain a list of references in the article and a list of the headers. Here, a list of the references is displayed:

    List <Reference> referenceList = wikiModel.getReferences(); 
    out.println(referenceList.size()); 
    for(Reference reference : referenceList) { 
        out.println(reference.getRefString()); 
    }

The following illustrates the process of getting the section headers:

    ITableOfContent toc = wikiModel.getTableOfContent(); 
    List<SectionHeader> sections = toc.getSectionHeaders(); 
    for(SectionHeader sh : sections) { 
        out.println(sh.getFirst()); 
    }

The entire content of Wikipedia can be downloaded. This process is discussed at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Database_download.

It may be desirable to set up your own Wikipedia server to handle your request.

Handling Flickr

Flickr (https://www.flickr.com/) is an online photo management and sharing application. It is a possible source for images and videos. The Flickr Developer Guide (https://www.flickr.com/services/developer/) is a good starting point to learn more about Flickr's API.

One of the first steps to using the Flickr API is to request an API key. This key is used to sign your API requests. The process to obtain a key starts at https://www.flickr.com/services/apps/create/. Both commercial and noncommercial keys are available. When you obtain a key you will also get a "secret." Both of these are required to use the API.

We will illustrate the process of locating and downloading images from Flickr. The process involves:

Creating a Flickr class instance
Specifying the search parameters for a query
Performing the search
Downloading the image

A FlickrException or IOException may be thrown during this process. There are several APIs that support Flickr access. We will be using Flickr4Java, found at https://github.com/callmeal/Flickr4Java. The Flickr4Java Javadocs is found at http://flickrj.sourceforge.net/api/. We will start with a try block and the apikey and secret declarations:

    try { 
        String apikey = "Your API key"; 
        String secret = "Your secret"; 
 
    } catch (FlickrException | IOException ex) { 
        // Handle exceptions 
    }

The Flickr instance is created next, where the apikey and secret are supplied as the first two parameters. The last parameter specifies the transfer technique used to access Flickr servers. Currently, the REST transport is supported using the REST class:

    Flickr flickr = new Flickr(apikey, secret, new REST());

To search for images, we will use the SearchParameters class. This class supports a number of criteria that will narrow down the number of images returned from a query and includes such criteria as latitude, longitude, media type, and user ID. In the following sequence, the setBBox method specifies the longitude and latitude for the search. The parameters are (in order): minimum longitude, minimum latitude, maximum longitude, and maximum latitude. The setMedia method specifies the type of media. There are three possible arguments — "all", "photos", and "videos":

    SearchParameters searchParameters = new SearchParameters(); 
    searchParameters.setBBox("-180", "-90", "180", "90"); 
    searchParameters.setMedia("photos");

The PhotosInterface class possesses a search method that uses the SearchParameters instance to retrieve a list of photos. The getPhotosInterface method returns an instance of the PhotosInterface class, as shown next. The SearchParameters instance is the first parameter. The second parameter determines how many photos are retrieved per page and the third parameter is the offset. A PhotoList class instance is returned:

    PhotosInterface pi = new PhotosInterface(apikey, secret,  
        new REST()); 
    PhotoList<Photo> list = pi.search(searchParameters, 10, 0);

The next sequence illustrates the use of several methods to get information about the images retrieved. Each Photo instance is accessed using the get method. The title, image format, public flag, and photo URL are displayed:

    out.println("Image List"); 
    for (int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) { 
        Photo photo = list.get(i); 
        out.println("Image: " + i + 
            `"\nTitle: " + photo.getTitle() +  
            "\nMedia: " + photo.getOriginalFormat() + 
            "\nPublic: " + photo.isPublicFlag() + 
            "\nUrl: " + photo.getUrl() + 
            "\n"); 
    } 
    out.println();

A partial listing is shown here where many of the specific values have been modified to protect the original data:

Image List
Image: 0
Title: XYZ Image
Media: jpg
Public: true
Url: https://flickr.com/photos/7723...@N02/269...
Image: 1
Title: IMG_5555.jpg
Media: jpg
Public: true
Url: https://flickr.com/photos/2665...@N07/264...
Image: 2
Title: DSC05555
Media: jpg
Public: true
Url: https://flickr.com/photos/1179...@N04/264...

The list of images returned by this example will vary since we used a fairly wide search range and images are being added all of the time.

There are two approaches that we can use to download an image. The first uses the image's URL and the second uses a Photo object. The image's URL can be obtained from a number of sources. We use the Photo class getUrl method for this example.

In the following sequence, we obtain an instance of PhotosInterface using its constructor to illustrate an alternate approach:

    PhotosInterface pi = new PhotosInterface(apikey, secret,  
        new REST());

We get the first Photo instance from the previous list and then its getUrl to get the image's URL. The PhotosInterface class's getImage method returns a BufferedImage object representing the image as shown here:

    Photo currentPhoto = list.get(0);  
    BufferedImage bufferedImage =  
        pi.getImage(currentPhoto.getUrl());

The image is then saved to a file using the ImageIO class:

    File outputfile = new File("image.jpg"); 
    ImageIO.write(bufferedImage, "jpg", outputfile);

The getImage method is overloaded. Here, the Photo instance and the size of the image desired are used as arguments to get the BufferedImage instance:

    bufferedImage = pi.getImage(currentPhoto, Size.SMALL);

The image can be saved to a file using the previous technique.

The Flickr4Java API supports a number of other techniques for working with Flickr images.

Handling YouTube

YouTube is a popular video site where users can upload and share videos (https://www.youtube.com/). It has been used to share humorous videos, provide instructions on how to do any number of things, and share information among its viewers. It is a useful source of information as it captures the thoughts and ideas of a diverse group of people. This provides an interesting opportunity to analysis and gain insight into human behavior.

YouTube can serve as a useful source of videos and video metadata. A Java API is available to access its contents (https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/). Detailed documentation of the API is found at https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/docs/.

In this section, we will demonstrate how to search for videos by keyword and retrieve information of interest. We will also show how to download a video. To use the YouTube API, you will need a Google account, which can be obtained at https://www.google.com/accounts/NewAccount. Next, create an account in the Google Developer's Console (https://console.developers.google.com/). API access is supported using either API keys or OAuth 2.0 credentials. The project creation process and keys are discussed at https://developers.google.com/youtube/registering_an_application#create_project.

Searching by keyword

The process of searching for videos by keyword is adapted from https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/code_samples/java#search_by_keyword. Other potentially useful code examples can be found at https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/code_samples/java. The process has been simplified so that we can focus on the search process. We start with a try block and the creation of a YouTube instance. This class provides the basic access to the API. Javadocs for this API is found at https://developers.google.com/resources/api-libraries/documentation/youtube/v3/java/latest/.

The YouTube.Builder class is used to construct a YouTube instance. Its constructor takes three arguments:

Transport: Object used for HTTP
JSONFactory: Used to process JSON objects
HttpRequestInitializer: None is needed for this example

Many of the APIs responses will be in the form of JSON objects. The YouTube class' setApplicationName method gives it a name and the build method creates a new YouTube instance:

    try { 
        YouTube youtube = new YouTube.Builder( 
            Auth.HTTP_TRANSPORT, 
            Auth.JSON_FACTORY, 
            new HttpRequestInitializer() { 
                public void initialize(HttpRequest request)  
                        throws IOException { 
                } 
            }) 
                .setApplicationName("application_name") 
        ... 
    } catch (GoogleJSONResponseException ex) { 
        // Handle exceptions 
    } catch (IOException ex) { 
        // Handle exceptions 
    }

Next, we initialize a string to hold the search term of interest. In this case, we will look for videos containing the word cats:

    String queryTerm = "cats";

The class, YouTube.Search.List, maintains a collection of search results. The YouTube class's search method specifies the type of resource to be returned. In this case, the string specifies the id and snippet portions of the search result to be returned:

    YouTube.Search.List search = youtube 
        .search() 
        .list("id,snippet");

The search result is a JSON object that has the following structure. It is described in more detail at https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/docs/playlistItems#methods. In the previous sequence, only the id and snippet parts of a search will be returned, resulting in a more efficient operation:

{ 
  "kind": "youtube#searchResult", 
  "etag": etag, 
  "id": { 
    "kind": string, 
    "videoId": string, 
    "channelId": string, 
    "playlistId": string 
  }, 
  "snippet": { 
    "publishedAt": datetime, 
    "channelId": string, 
    "title": string, 
    "description": string, 
    "thumbnails": { 
      (key): { 
        "url": string, 
        "width": unsigned integer, 
        "height": unsigned integer 
      } 
    }, 
    "channelTitle": string, 
    "liveBroadcastContent": string 
  } 
}

Next, we need to specify the API key and various search parameters. The query term is specified, as well as the type of media to be returned. In this case, only videos will be returned. The other two options include channel and playlist:

    String apiKey = "Your API key"; 
    search.setKey(apiKey); 
    search.setQ(queryTerm); 
    search.setType("video");

In addition, we further specify the fields to be returned as shown here. These correspond to fields of the JSON object:

    search.setFields("items(id/kind,id/videoId,snippet/title," +  
        "snippet/description,snippet/thumbnails/default/url)");

We also specify the maximum number of results to retrieve using the setMaxResults method:

    search.setMaxResults(10L);

The execute method will perform the actual query, returning a SearchListResponse object. Its getItems method returns a list of SearchResult objects, one for each video retrieved:

    SearchListResponse searchResponse = search.execute(); 
    List<SearchResult> searchResultList =  
        searchResponse.getItems();

In this example, we do not iterate through each video returned. Instead, we retrieve the first video and display information about the video. The SearchResult video variable allows us to access different parts of the JSON object, as shown here:

    SearchResult video = searchResultList.iterator().next(); 
    Thumbnail thumbnail = video 
        .getSnippet().getThumbnails().getDefault(); 
 
    out.println("Kind: " + video.getKind()); 
    out.println("Video Id: " + video.getId().getVideoId()); 
    out.println("Title: " + video.getSnippet().getTitle()); 
    out.println("Description: " +  
        video.getSnippet().getDescription()); 
    out.println("Thumbnail: " + thumbnail.getUrl());

One possible output follows where parts of the output have been modified:

Kind: null
Video Id: tntO...
Title: Funny Cats ...
Description: Check out the ...
Thumbnail: https://i.ytimg.com/vi/tntO.../default.jpg

We have skipped many error checking steps to simplify the example, but these should be considered when implementing this in a business application.

If we need to download the video, one of the simplest ways is to use axet/wget found at https://github.com/axet/wget. It provides an easy-to-use technique to download the video using its video ID.

In the following example, a URL is created using the video ID. You will need to provide a video ID for this to work properly. The file is saved to the current directory with the video's title as the filename:

    String url = "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=videoID"; 
    String path = "."; 
    VGet vget = new VGet(new URL(url), new File(path)); 
    vget.download();

There are other more sophisticated download techniques found at the GitHub site.

Using API calls to access common social media sites

Social media contain a wealth of information that can be processed and is used by many data analysis applications. In this section, we will illustrate how to access a few of these sources using their Java APIs. Most of them require some sort of access key, which is normally easy to obtain. We start with a discussion on the OAuth class, which provides one approach to authenticating access to a data source.

When working with the type of data source, it is important to keep in mind that the data is not always public. While it may be accessible, the owner of the data may be an individual who does not necessarily want the information shared. Most APIs provide a means to determine how the data can be distributed, and these requests should be honored. When private information is used, permission from the author must be obtained.

In addition, these sites have limits on the number of requests that can be made. Keep this in mind when pulling data from a site. If these limits need to be exceeded, then most sites provide a way of doing this.

Using OAuth to authenticate users

OAuth is an open standard used to authenticate users to many different websites. A resource owner effectively delegates access to a server resource without having to share their credentials. It works over HTTPS. OAuth 2.0 succeeded OAuth and is not backwards compatible. It provides client developers a simple way of providing authentication. Several companies use OAuth 2.0 including PayPal, Comcast, and Blizzard Entertainment.

A list of OAuth 2.0 providers is found at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_OAuth_providers. We will use several of these in our discussions.

Handing Twitter

The sheer volume of data and the popularity of the site, among celebrities and the general public alike, make Twitter a valuable resource for mining social media data. Twitter is a popular social media platform allowing users to read and post short messages called tweets. Twitter provides API support for posting and pulling tweets, including streaming data from all public users. While there are services available for pulling the entire set of public tweet data, we are going to examine other options that, while limiting in the amount of data retrieved at one time, are available at no cost.

We are going to focus on the Twitter API for retrieving streaming data. There are other options for retrieving tweets from a specific user as well as posting data to a specific account but we will not be addressing those in this chapter. The public stream API, at the default access level, allows the user to pull a sample of public tweets currently streaming on Twitter. It is possible to refine the data by specifying parameters to track keywords, specific users, and location.

We are going to use HBC, a Java HTTP client, for this example. You can download a sample HBC application at https://github.com/twitter/hbc. If you prefer to use a different HTTP client, ensure it will return incremental response data. The Apache HTTP client is one option. Before you can create the HTTP connection, you must first create a Twitter account and an application within that account. To get started with the app, visit apps.twitter.com. Once your app is created, you will be assigned a consumer key, consumer secret, access token, and access secret token. We will also use OAuth, as discussed previously in this chapter.

First, we will write a method to perform the authentication and request data from Twitter. The parameters for our method are the authentication information given to us by Twitter when we created our app. We will create a BlockingQueue object to hold our streaming data. For this example, we will set a default capacity of 10,000. We will also specify our endpoint and turn off stall warnings:

    public static void streamTwitter( 
        String consumerKey, String consumerSecret,  
        String accessToken, String accessSecret)  
            throws InterruptedException { 
 
        BlockingQueue<String> statusQueue =  
            new LinkedBlockingQueue<String>(10000); 
        StatusesSampleEndpoint ending =  
            new StatusesSampleEndpoint(); 
        ending.stallWarnings(false); 
        ... 
    }

Next, we create an Authentication object using OAuth1, a variation of the OAuth class. We can then build our connection client and complete the HTTP connection:

    Authentication twitterAuth = new OAuth1(consumerKey,  
        consumerSecret, accessToken, accessSecret); 
    BasicClient twitterClient = new ClientBuilder() 
            .name("Twitter client") 
            .hosts(Constants.STREAM_HOST) 
            .endpoint(ending) 
            .authentication(twitterAuth) 
            .processor(new StringDelimitedProcessor(statusQueue)) 
            .build(); 
    twitterClient.connect();

For the purposes of this example, we will simply read the messages received from the stream and print them to the screen. The messages are returned in JSON format and the decision of how to process them in a real application will depend upon the purpose and limitations of that application:

    for (int msgRead = 0; msgRead < 1000; msgRead++) { 
      if (twitterClient.isDone()) { 
        out.println(twitterClient.getExitEvent().getMessage()); 
        break; 
      } 
 
      String msg = statusQueue.poll(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS); 
      if (msg == null) { 
        out.println("Waited 10 seconds - no message received"); 
      } else { 
        out.println(msg); 
      } 
    } 
    twitterClient.stop();

To execute our method, we simply pass our authentication information to the streamTwitter method. For security purposes, we have replaced our personal keys here. Authentication information should always be protected:

    public static void main(String[] args) { 
   
      try { 
        SampleStreamExample.streamTwitter( 
            myKey, mySecret, myToken, myAccess);  
      } catch (InterruptedException e) { 
        out.println(e); 
      } 
    }

Here is truncated sample data retrieved using the methods listed above. Your data will vary based upon Twitter's live stream, but it should resemble this example:

{"created_at":"Fri May 20 15:47:21 +0000 2016","id":733685552789098496,"id_str":"733685552789098496","text":"bwisit si em bahala sya","source":"\u003ca href="http:\/\/twitter.com" rel="nofollow"\u003eTwitter Web 
...
ntions":[],"symbols":[]},"favorited":false,"retweeted":false,"filter_level":"low","lang":"tl","timestamp_ms":"1463759241660"}

Twitter also provides support for pulling all data for one specific user account, as well as posting data directly to an account. A REST API is also available and provides support for specific queries via the search API. These also use the OAuth standard and return data in JSON files.

Handling Wikipedia

Wikipedia (https://www.wikipedia.org/) is a useful source of text and image type information. It is an Internet encyclopedia that hosts 38 million articles written in over 250 languages (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia). As such, it is useful to know how to programmatically access its contents.

MediaWiki is an open source wiki application that supports wiki type sites. It is used to support Wikipedia and many other sites. The MediaWiki API (http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/API) provides access to a wiki's data and metadata over HTTP. An application, using this API, can log in, read data, and post changes to a site.

There are several Java APIs that support programmatic access to a wiki site as listed at https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/API:Client_code#Java. To demonstrate Java access to a wiki we will use Bliki found at https://bitbucket.org/axelclk/info.bliki.wiki/wiki/Home. It provides good access and is easy to use for most basic operations.

The MediaWiki API is complex and has many features. The intent of this section is to illustrate the basic process of obtaining text from a Wikipedia article using this API. It is not possible to cover the API completely here.

We will use the following classes from the info.bliki.api and info.bliki.wiki.model packages:

Page: Represents a retrieved page
User: Represents a user
WikiModel: Represents the wiki

Javadocs for Bliki are found at http://www.javadoc.io/doc/info.bliki.wiki/bliki-core/3.1.0.

The following example has been adapted from http://www.integratingstuff.com/2012/04/06/hook-into-wikipedia-using-java-and-the-mediawiki-api/. This example will access the English Wikipedia page for the subject, data science. We start by creating an instance of the User class. The first two arguments of the three-argument constructor are the user ID and password, respectively. In this case, they are empty strings. This combination allows us to read a page without having to set up an account. The third argument is the URL for the MediaWiki API page:

    User user = new User("", "",  
        "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php"); 
    user.login();

An account will enable us to modify the document. The queryContent method returns a list of Page objects for the subjects found in a string array. Each string should be the title of a page. In this example, we access a single page:

    String[] titles = {"Data science"}; 
    List<Page> pageList = user.queryContent(titles);

Each Page object contains the content of a page. There are several methods that will return the contents of the page. For each page, a WikiModel instance is created using the two-argument constructor. The first argument is the image base URL and the second argument is the link base URL. These URLs use Wiki variables called image and title, which will be replaced when creating links:

    for (Page page : pageList) { 
        WikiModel wikiModel = new WikiModel("${image}",  
            "${title}"); 
        ... 
    }

The render method will take the wiki page and render it to HTML. There is also a method to render the page to a PDF document:

    String htmlText = wikiModel.render(page.toString());

The HTML text is then displayed:

    out.println(htmlText);

A partial listing of the output follows:

<p>PageID: 35458904; NS: 0; Title: Data science; 
Image url: 
Content:
{{distinguish}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Data Visualization}}</p>
<p><b>Data science</b> is an interdisciplinary field about processes and systems to extract <a href="Knowledge" >knowledge</a> 
...

We can also obtain basic information about the article using one of several methods as shown here:

    out.println("Title: " + page.getTitle() + "\n" + 
        "Page ID: " + page.getPageid() + "\n" + 
        "Timestamp: " + page.getCurrentRevision().getTimestamp());

It is also possible to obtain a list of references in the article and a list of the headers. Here, a list of the references is displayed:

    List <Reference> referenceList = wikiModel.getReferences(); 
    out.println(referenceList.size()); 
    for(Reference reference : referenceList) { 
        out.println(reference.getRefString()); 
    }

The following illustrates the process of getting the section headers:

    ITableOfContent toc = wikiModel.getTableOfContent(); 
    List<SectionHeader> sections = toc.getSectionHeaders(); 
    for(SectionHeader sh : sections) { 
        out.println(sh.getFirst()); 
    }

The entire content of Wikipedia can be downloaded. This process is discussed at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Database_download.

It may be desirable to set up your own Wikipedia server to handle your request.

Handling Flickr

Flickr (https://www.flickr.com/) is an online photo management and sharing application. It is a possible source for images and videos. The Flickr Developer Guide (https://www.flickr.com/services/developer/) is a good starting point to learn more about Flickr's API.

One of the first steps to using the Flickr API is to request an API key. This key is used to sign your API requests. The process to obtain a key starts at https://www.flickr.com/services/apps/create/. Both commercial and noncommercial keys are available. When you obtain a key you will also get a "secret." Both of these are required to use the API.

We will illustrate the process of locating and downloading images from Flickr. The process involves:

Creating a Flickr class instance
Specifying the search parameters for a query
Performing the search
Downloading the image

A FlickrException or IOException may be thrown during this process. There are several APIs that support Flickr access. We will be using Flickr4Java, found at https://github.com/callmeal/Flickr4Java. The Flickr4Java Javadocs is found at http://flickrj.sourceforge.net/api/. We will start with a try block and the apikey and secret declarations:

    try { 
        String apikey = "Your API key"; 
        String secret = "Your secret"; 
 
    } catch (FlickrException | IOException ex) { 
        // Handle exceptions 
    }

The Flickr instance is created next, where the apikey and secret are supplied as the first two parameters. The last parameter specifies the transfer technique used to access Flickr servers. Currently, the REST transport is supported using the REST class:

    Flickr flickr = new Flickr(apikey, secret, new REST());

To search for images, we will use the SearchParameters class. This class supports a number of criteria that will narrow down the number of images returned from a query and includes such criteria as latitude, longitude, media type, and user ID. In the following sequence, the setBBox method specifies the longitude and latitude for the search. The parameters are (in order): minimum longitude, minimum latitude, maximum longitude, and maximum latitude. The setMedia method specifies the type of media. There are three possible arguments — "all", "photos", and "videos":

    SearchParameters searchParameters = new SearchParameters(); 
    searchParameters.setBBox("-180", "-90", "180", "90"); 
    searchParameters.setMedia("photos");

The PhotosInterface class possesses a search method that uses the SearchParameters instance to retrieve a list of photos. The getPhotosInterface method returns an instance of the PhotosInterface class, as shown next. The SearchParameters instance is the first parameter. The second parameter determines how many photos are retrieved per page and the third parameter is the offset. A PhotoList class instance is returned:

    PhotosInterface pi = new PhotosInterface(apikey, secret,  
        new REST()); 
    PhotoList<Photo> list = pi.search(searchParameters, 10, 0);

The next sequence illustrates the use of several methods to get information about the images retrieved. Each Photo instance is accessed using the get method. The title, image format, public flag, and photo URL are displayed:

    out.println("Image List"); 
    for (int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) { 
        Photo photo = list.get(i); 
        out.println("Image: " + i + 
            `"\nTitle: " + photo.getTitle() +  
            "\nMedia: " + photo.getOriginalFormat() + 
            "\nPublic: " + photo.isPublicFlag() + 
            "\nUrl: " + photo.getUrl() + 
            "\n"); 
    } 
    out.println();

A partial listing is shown here where many of the specific values have been modified to protect the original data:

Image List
Image: 0
Title: XYZ Image
Media: jpg
Public: true
Url: https://flickr.com/photos/7723...@N02/269...
Image: 1
Title: IMG_5555.jpg
Media: jpg
Public: true
Url: https://flickr.com/photos/2665...@N07/264...
Image: 2
Title: DSC05555
Media: jpg
Public: true
Url: https://flickr.com/photos/1179...@N04/264...

The list of images returned by this example will vary since we used a fairly wide search range and images are being added all of the time.

There are two approaches that we can use to download an image. The first uses the image's URL and the second uses a Photo object. The image's URL can be obtained from a number of sources. We use the Photo class getUrl method for this example.

In the following sequence, we obtain an instance of PhotosInterface using its constructor to illustrate an alternate approach:

    PhotosInterface pi = new PhotosInterface(apikey, secret,  
        new REST());

We get the first Photo instance from the previous list and then its getUrl to get the image's URL. The PhotosInterface class's getImage method returns a BufferedImage object representing the image as shown here:

    Photo currentPhoto = list.get(0);  
    BufferedImage bufferedImage =  
        pi.getImage(currentPhoto.getUrl());

The image is then saved to a file using the ImageIO class:

    File outputfile = new File("image.jpg"); 
    ImageIO.write(bufferedImage, "jpg", outputfile);

The getImage method is overloaded. Here, the Photo instance and the size of the image desired are used as arguments to get the BufferedImage instance:

    bufferedImage = pi.getImage(currentPhoto, Size.SMALL);

The image can be saved to a file using the previous technique.

The Flickr4Java API supports a number of other techniques for working with Flickr images.

Handling YouTube

YouTube is a popular video site where users can upload and share videos (https://www.youtube.com/). It has been used to share humorous videos, provide instructions on how to do any number of things, and share information among its viewers. It is a useful source of information as it captures the thoughts and ideas of a diverse group of people. This provides an interesting opportunity to analysis and gain insight into human behavior.

YouTube can serve as a useful source of videos and video metadata. A Java API is available to access its contents (https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/). Detailed documentation of the API is found at https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/docs/.

In this section, we will demonstrate how to search for videos by keyword and retrieve information of interest. We will also show how to download a video. To use the YouTube API, you will need a Google account, which can be obtained at https://www.google.com/accounts/NewAccount. Next, create an account in the Google Developer's Console (https://console.developers.google.com/). API access is supported using either API keys or OAuth 2.0 credentials. The project creation process and keys are discussed at https://developers.google.com/youtube/registering_an_application#create_project.

Searching by keyword

The process of searching for videos by keyword is adapted from https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/code_samples/java#search_by_keyword. Other potentially useful code examples can be found at https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/code_samples/java. The process has been simplified so that we can focus on the search process. We start with a try block and the creation of a YouTube instance. This class provides the basic access to the API. Javadocs for this API is found at https://developers.google.com/resources/api-libraries/documentation/youtube/v3/java/latest/.

The YouTube.Builder class is used to construct a YouTube instance. Its constructor takes three arguments:

Transport: Object used for HTTP
JSONFactory: Used to process JSON objects
HttpRequestInitializer: None is needed for this example

Many of the APIs responses will be in the form of JSON objects. The YouTube class' setApplicationName method gives it a name and the build method creates a new YouTube instance:

    try { 
        YouTube youtube = new YouTube.Builder( 
            Auth.HTTP_TRANSPORT, 
            Auth.JSON_FACTORY, 
            new HttpRequestInitializer() { 
                public void initialize(HttpRequest request)  
                        throws IOException { 
                } 
            }) 
                .setApplicationName("application_name") 
        ... 
    } catch (GoogleJSONResponseException ex) { 
        // Handle exceptions 
    } catch (IOException ex) { 
        // Handle exceptions 
    }

Next, we initialize a string to hold the search term of interest. In this case, we will look for videos containing the word cats:

    String queryTerm = "cats";

The class, YouTube.Search.List, maintains a collection of search results. The YouTube class's search method specifies the type of resource to be returned. In this case, the string specifies the id and snippet portions of the search result to be returned:

    YouTube.Search.List search = youtube 
        .search() 
        .list("id,snippet");

The search result is a JSON object that has the following structure. It is described in more detail at https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/docs/playlistItems#methods. In the previous sequence, only the id and snippet parts of a search will be returned, resulting in a more efficient operation:

{ 
  "kind": "youtube#searchResult", 
  "etag": etag, 
  "id": { 
    "kind": string, 
    "videoId": string, 
    "channelId": string, 
    "playlistId": string 
  }, 
  "snippet": { 
    "publishedAt": datetime, 
    "channelId": string, 
    "title": string, 
    "description": string, 
    "thumbnails": { 
      (key): { 
        "url": string, 
        "width": unsigned integer, 
        "height": unsigned integer 
      } 
    }, 
    "channelTitle": string, 
    "liveBroadcastContent": string 
  } 
}

Next, we need to specify the API key and various search parameters. The query term is specified, as well as the type of media to be returned. In this case, only videos will be returned. The other two options include channel and playlist:

    String apiKey = "Your API key"; 
    search.setKey(apiKey); 
    search.setQ(queryTerm); 
    search.setType("video");

In addition, we further specify the fields to be returned as shown here. These correspond to fields of the JSON object:

    search.setFields("items(id/kind,id/videoId,snippet/title," +  
        "snippet/description,snippet/thumbnails/default/url)");

We also specify the maximum number of results to retrieve using the setMaxResults method:

    search.setMaxResults(10L);

The execute method will perform the actual query, returning a SearchListResponse object. Its getItems method returns a list of SearchResult objects, one for each video retrieved:

    SearchListResponse searchResponse = search.execute(); 
    List<SearchResult> searchResultList =  
        searchResponse.getItems();

In this example, we do not iterate through each video returned. Instead, we retrieve the first video and display information about the video. The SearchResult video variable allows us to access different parts of the JSON object, as shown here:

    SearchResult video = searchResultList.iterator().next(); 
    Thumbnail thumbnail = video 
        .getSnippet().getThumbnails().getDefault(); 
 
    out.println("Kind: " + video.getKind()); 
    out.println("Video Id: " + video.getId().getVideoId()); 
    out.println("Title: " + video.getSnippet().getTitle()); 
    out.println("Description: " +  
        video.getSnippet().getDescription()); 
    out.println("Thumbnail: " + thumbnail.getUrl());

One possible output follows where parts of the output have been modified:

Kind: null
Video Id: tntO...
Title: Funny Cats ...
Description: Check out the ...
Thumbnail: https://i.ytimg.com/vi/tntO.../default.jpg

We have skipped many error checking steps to simplify the example, but these should be considered when implementing this in a business application.

If we need to download the video, one of the simplest ways is to use axet/wget found at https://github.com/axet/wget. It provides an easy-to-use technique to download the video using its video ID.

In the following example, a URL is created using the video ID. You will need to provide a video ID for this to work properly. The file is saved to the current directory with the video's title as the filename:

    String url = "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=videoID"; 
    String path = "."; 
    VGet vget = new VGet(new URL(url), new File(path)); 
    vget.download();

There are other more sophisticated download techniques found at the GitHub site.

Using OAuth to authenticate users

OAuth is an open standard used to authenticate users to many different websites. A resource owner effectively delegates access to a server resource without having to share their credentials. It works over HTTPS. OAuth 2.0 succeeded OAuth and is not backwards compatible. It provides client developers a simple way of providing authentication. Several companies use OAuth 2.0 including PayPal, Comcast, and Blizzard Entertainment.

A list of OAuth 2.0 providers is found at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_OAuth_providers. We will use several of these in our discussions.

Handing Twitter

The sheer volume of data and the popularity of the site, among celebrities and the general public alike, make Twitter a valuable resource for mining social media data. Twitter is a popular social media platform allowing users to read and post short messages called tweets. Twitter provides API support for posting and pulling tweets, including streaming data from all public users. While there are services available for pulling the entire set of public tweet data, we are going to examine other options that, while limiting in the amount of data retrieved at one time, are available at no cost.

We are going to focus on the Twitter API for retrieving streaming data. There are other options for retrieving tweets from a specific user as well as posting data to a specific account but we will not be addressing those in this chapter. The public stream API, at the default access level, allows the user to pull a sample of public tweets currently streaming on Twitter. It is possible to refine the data by specifying parameters to track keywords, specific users, and location.

We are going to use HBC, a Java HTTP client, for this example. You can download a sample HBC application at https://github.com/twitter/hbc. If you prefer to use a different HTTP client, ensure it will return incremental response data. The Apache HTTP client is one option. Before you can create the HTTP connection, you must first create a Twitter account and an application within that account. To get started with the app, visit apps.twitter.com. Once your app is created, you will be assigned a consumer key, consumer secret, access token, and access secret token. We will also use OAuth, as discussed previously in this chapter.

First, we will write a method to perform the authentication and request data from Twitter. The parameters for our method are the authentication information given to us by Twitter when we created our app. We will create a BlockingQueue object to hold our streaming data. For this example, we will set a default capacity of 10,000. We will also specify our endpoint and turn off stall warnings:

    public static void streamTwitter( 
        String consumerKey, String consumerSecret,  
        String accessToken, String accessSecret)  
            throws InterruptedException { 
 
        BlockingQueue<String> statusQueue =  
            new LinkedBlockingQueue<String>(10000); 
        StatusesSampleEndpoint ending =  
            new StatusesSampleEndpoint(); 
        ending.stallWarnings(false); 
        ... 
    }

Next, we create an Authentication object using OAuth1, a variation of the OAuth class. We can then build our connection client and complete the HTTP connection:

    Authentication twitterAuth = new OAuth1(consumerKey,  
        consumerSecret, accessToken, accessSecret); 
    BasicClient twitterClient = new ClientBuilder() 
            .name("Twitter client") 
            .hosts(Constants.STREAM_HOST) 
            .endpoint(ending) 
            .authentication(twitterAuth) 
            .processor(new StringDelimitedProcessor(statusQueue)) 
            .build(); 
    twitterClient.connect();

For the purposes of this example, we will simply read the messages received from the stream and print them to the screen. The messages are returned in JSON format and the decision of how to process them in a real application will depend upon the purpose and limitations of that application:

    for (int msgRead = 0; msgRead < 1000; msgRead++) { 
      if (twitterClient.isDone()) { 
        out.println(twitterClient.getExitEvent().getMessage()); 
        break; 
      } 
 
      String msg = statusQueue.poll(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS); 
      if (msg == null) { 
        out.println("Waited 10 seconds - no message received"); 
      } else { 
        out.println(msg); 
      } 
    } 
    twitterClient.stop();

To execute our method, we simply pass our authentication information to the streamTwitter method. For security purposes, we have replaced our personal keys here. Authentication information should always be protected:

    public static void main(String[] args) { 
   
      try { 
        SampleStreamExample.streamTwitter( 
            myKey, mySecret, myToken, myAccess);  
      } catch (InterruptedException e) { 
        out.println(e); 
      } 
    }

Here is truncated sample data retrieved using the methods listed above. Your data will vary based upon Twitter's live stream, but it should resemble this example:

{"created_at":"Fri May 20 15:47:21 +0000 2016","id":733685552789098496,"id_str":"733685552789098496","text":"bwisit si em bahala sya","source":"\u003ca href="http:\/\/twitter.com" rel="nofollow"\u003eTwitter Web 
...
ntions":[],"symbols":[]},"favorited":false,"retweeted":false,"filter_level":"low","lang":"tl","timestamp_ms":"1463759241660"}

Twitter also provides support for pulling all data for one specific user account, as well as posting data directly to an account. A REST API is also available and provides support for specific queries via the search API. These also use the OAuth standard and return data in JSON files.

Handling Wikipedia

Wikipedia (https://www.wikipedia.org/) is a useful source of text and image type information. It is an Internet encyclopedia that hosts 38 million articles written in over 250 languages (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia). As such, it is useful to know how to programmatically access its contents.

MediaWiki is an open source wiki application that supports wiki type sites. It is used to support Wikipedia and many other sites. The MediaWiki API (http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/API) provides access to a wiki's data and metadata over HTTP. An application, using this API, can log in, read data, and post changes to a site.

There are several Java APIs that support programmatic access to a wiki site as listed at https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/API:Client_code#Java. To demonstrate Java access to a wiki we will use Bliki found at https://bitbucket.org/axelclk/info.bliki.wiki/wiki/Home. It provides good access and is easy to use for most basic operations.

The MediaWiki API is complex and has many features. The intent of this section is to illustrate the basic process of obtaining text from a Wikipedia article using this API. It is not possible to cover the API completely here.

We will use the following classes from the info.bliki.api and info.bliki.wiki.model packages:

Page: Represents a retrieved page
User: Represents a user
WikiModel: Represents the wiki

Javadocs for Bliki are found at http://www.javadoc.io/doc/info.bliki.wiki/bliki-core/3.1.0.

The following example has been adapted from http://www.integratingstuff.com/2012/04/06/hook-into-wikipedia-using-java-and-the-mediawiki-api/. This example will access the English Wikipedia page for the subject, data science. We start by creating an instance of the User class. The first two arguments of the three-argument constructor are the user ID and password, respectively. In this case, they are empty strings. This combination allows us to read a page without having to set up an account. The third argument is the URL for the MediaWiki API page:

    User user = new User("", "",  
        "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php"); 
    user.login();

An account will enable us to modify the document. The queryContent method returns a list of Page objects for the subjects found in a string array. Each string should be the title of a page. In this example, we access a single page:

    String[] titles = {"Data science"}; 
    List<Page> pageList = user.queryContent(titles);

Each Page object contains the content of a page. There are several methods that will return the contents of the page. For each page, a WikiModel instance is created using the two-argument constructor. The first argument is the image base URL and the second argument is the link base URL. These URLs use Wiki variables called image and title, which will be replaced when creating links:

    for (Page page : pageList) { 
        WikiModel wikiModel = new WikiModel("${image}",  
            "${title}"); 
        ... 
    }

The render method will take the wiki page and render it to HTML. There is also a method to render the page to a PDF document:

    String htmlText = wikiModel.render(page.toString());

The HTML text is then displayed:

    out.println(htmlText);

A partial listing of the output follows:

<p>PageID: 35458904; NS: 0; Title: Data science; 
Image url: 
Content:
{{distinguish}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Data Visualization}}</p>
<p><b>Data science</b> is an interdisciplinary field about processes and systems to extract <a href="Knowledge" >knowledge</a> 
...

We can also obtain basic information about the article using one of several methods as shown here:

    out.println("Title: " + page.getTitle() + "\n" + 
        "Page ID: " + page.getPageid() + "\n" + 
        "Timestamp: " + page.getCurrentRevision().getTimestamp());

It is also possible to obtain a list of references in the article and a list of the headers. Here, a list of the references is displayed:

    List <Reference> referenceList = wikiModel.getReferences(); 
    out.println(referenceList.size()); 
    for(Reference reference : referenceList) { 
        out.println(reference.getRefString()); 
    }

The following illustrates the process of getting the section headers:

    ITableOfContent toc = wikiModel.getTableOfContent(); 
    List<SectionHeader> sections = toc.getSectionHeaders(); 
    for(SectionHeader sh : sections) { 
        out.println(sh.getFirst()); 
    }

The entire content of Wikipedia can be downloaded. This process is discussed at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Database_download.

It may be desirable to set up your own Wikipedia server to handle your request.

Handling Flickr

Flickr (https://www.flickr.com/) is an online photo management and sharing application. It is a possible source for images and videos. The Flickr Developer Guide (https://www.flickr.com/services/developer/) is a good starting point to learn more about Flickr's API.

One of the first steps to using the Flickr API is to request an API key. This key is used to sign your API requests. The process to obtain a key starts at https://www.flickr.com/services/apps/create/. Both commercial and noncommercial keys are available. When you obtain a key you will also get a "secret." Both of these are required to use the API.

We will illustrate the process of locating and downloading images from Flickr. The process involves:

Creating a Flickr class instance
Specifying the search parameters for a query
Performing the search
Downloading the image

A FlickrException or IOException may be thrown during this process. There are several APIs that support Flickr access. We will be using Flickr4Java, found at https://github.com/callmeal/Flickr4Java. The Flickr4Java Javadocs is found at http://flickrj.sourceforge.net/api/. We will start with a try block and the apikey and secret declarations:

    try { 
        String apikey = "Your API key"; 
        String secret = "Your secret"; 
 
    } catch (FlickrException | IOException ex) { 
        // Handle exceptions 
    }

The Flickr instance is created next, where the apikey and secret are supplied as the first two parameters. The last parameter specifies the transfer technique used to access Flickr servers. Currently, the REST transport is supported using the REST class:

    Flickr flickr = new Flickr(apikey, secret, new REST());

To search for images, we will use the SearchParameters class. This class supports a number of criteria that will narrow down the number of images returned from a query and includes such criteria as latitude, longitude, media type, and user ID. In the following sequence, the setBBox method specifies the longitude and latitude for the search. The parameters are (in order): minimum longitude, minimum latitude, maximum longitude, and maximum latitude. The setMedia method specifies the type of media. There are three possible arguments — "all", "photos", and "videos":

    SearchParameters searchParameters = new SearchParameters(); 
    searchParameters.setBBox("-180", "-90", "180", "90"); 
    searchParameters.setMedia("photos");

The PhotosInterface class possesses a search method that uses the SearchParameters instance to retrieve a list of photos. The getPhotosInterface method returns an instance of the PhotosInterface class, as shown next. The SearchParameters instance is the first parameter. The second parameter determines how many photos are retrieved per page and the third parameter is the offset. A PhotoList class instance is returned:

    PhotosInterface pi = new PhotosInterface(apikey, secret,  
        new REST()); 
    PhotoList<Photo> list = pi.search(searchParameters, 10, 0);

The next sequence illustrates the use of several methods to get information about the images retrieved. Each Photo instance is accessed using the get method. The title, image format, public flag, and photo URL are displayed:

    out.println("Image List"); 
    for (int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) { 
        Photo photo = list.get(i); 
        out.println("Image: " + i + 
            `"\nTitle: " + photo.getTitle() +  
            "\nMedia: " + photo.getOriginalFormat() + 
            "\nPublic: " + photo.isPublicFlag() + 
            "\nUrl: " + photo.getUrl() + 
            "\n"); 
    } 
    out.println();

A partial listing is shown here where many of the specific values have been modified to protect the original data:

Image List
Image: 0
Title: XYZ Image
Media: jpg
Public: true
Url: https://flickr.com/photos/7723...@N02/269...
Image: 1
Title: IMG_5555.jpg
Media: jpg
Public: true
Url: https://flickr.com/photos/2665...@N07/264...
Image: 2
Title: DSC05555
Media: jpg
Public: true
Url: https://flickr.com/photos/1179...@N04/264...

The list of images returned by this example will vary since we used a fairly wide search range and images are being added all of the time.

There are two approaches that we can use to download an image. The first uses the image's URL and the second uses a Photo object. The image's URL can be obtained from a number of sources. We use the Photo class getUrl method for this example.

In the following sequence, we obtain an instance of PhotosInterface using its constructor to illustrate an alternate approach:

    PhotosInterface pi = new PhotosInterface(apikey, secret,  
        new REST());

We get the first Photo instance from the previous list and then its getUrl to get the image's URL. The PhotosInterface class's getImage method returns a BufferedImage object representing the image as shown here:

    Photo currentPhoto = list.get(0);  
    BufferedImage bufferedImage =  
        pi.getImage(currentPhoto.getUrl());

The image is then saved to a file using the ImageIO class:

    File outputfile = new File("image.jpg"); 
    ImageIO.write(bufferedImage, "jpg", outputfile);

The getImage method is overloaded. Here, the Photo instance and the size of the image desired are used as arguments to get the BufferedImage instance:

    bufferedImage = pi.getImage(currentPhoto, Size.SMALL);

The image can be saved to a file using the previous technique.

The Flickr4Java API supports a number of other techniques for working with Flickr images.

Handling YouTube

YouTube is a popular video site where users can upload and share videos (https://www.youtube.com/). It has been used to share humorous videos, provide instructions on how to do any number of things, and share information among its viewers. It is a useful source of information as it captures the thoughts and ideas of a diverse group of people. This provides an interesting opportunity to analysis and gain insight into human behavior.

YouTube can serve as a useful source of videos and video metadata. A Java API is available to access its contents (https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/). Detailed documentation of the API is found at https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/docs/.

In this section, we will demonstrate how to search for videos by keyword and retrieve information of interest. We will also show how to download a video. To use the YouTube API, you will need a Google account, which can be obtained at https://www.google.com/accounts/NewAccount. Next, create an account in the Google Developer's Console (https://console.developers.google.com/). API access is supported using either API keys or OAuth 2.0 credentials. The project creation process and keys are discussed at https://developers.google.com/youtube/registering_an_application#create_project.

Searching by keyword

The process of searching for videos by keyword is adapted from https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/code_samples/java#search_by_keyword. Other potentially useful code examples can be found at https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/code_samples/java. The process has been simplified so that we can focus on the search process. We start with a try block and the creation of a YouTube instance. This class provides the basic access to the API. Javadocs for this API is found at https://developers.google.com/resources/api-libraries/documentation/youtube/v3/java/latest/.

The YouTube.Builder class is used to construct a YouTube instance. Its constructor takes three arguments:

Transport: Object used for HTTP
JSONFactory: Used to process JSON objects
HttpRequestInitializer: None is needed for this example

Many of the APIs responses will be in the form of JSON objects. The YouTube class' setApplicationName method gives it a name and the build method creates a new YouTube instance:

    try { 
        YouTube youtube = new YouTube.Builder( 
            Auth.HTTP_TRANSPORT, 
            Auth.JSON_FACTORY, 
            new HttpRequestInitializer() { 
                public void initialize(HttpRequest request)  
                        throws IOException { 
                } 
            }) 
                .setApplicationName("application_name") 
        ... 
    } catch (GoogleJSONResponseException ex) { 
        // Handle exceptions 
    } catch (IOException ex) { 
        // Handle exceptions 
    }

Next, we initialize a string to hold the search term of interest. In this case, we will look for videos containing the word cats:

    String queryTerm = "cats";

The class, YouTube.Search.List, maintains a collection of search results. The YouTube class's search method specifies the type of resource to be returned. In this case, the string specifies the id and snippet portions of the search result to be returned:

    YouTube.Search.List search = youtube 
        .search() 
        .list("id,snippet");

The search result is a JSON object that has the following structure. It is described in more detail at https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/docs/playlistItems#methods. In the previous sequence, only the id and snippet parts of a search will be returned, resulting in a more efficient operation:

{ 
  "kind": "youtube#searchResult", 
  "etag": etag, 
  "id": { 
    "kind": string, 
    "videoId": string, 
    "channelId": string, 
    "playlistId": string 
  }, 
  "snippet": { 
    "publishedAt": datetime, 
    "channelId": string, 
    "title": string, 
    "description": string, 
    "thumbnails": { 
      (key): { 
        "url": string, 
        "width": unsigned integer, 
        "height": unsigned integer 
      } 
    }, 
    "channelTitle": string, 
    "liveBroadcastContent": string 
  } 
}

Next, we need to specify the API key and various search parameters. The query term is specified, as well as the type of media to be returned. In this case, only videos will be returned. The other two options include channel and playlist:

    String apiKey = "Your API key"; 
    search.setKey(apiKey); 
    search.setQ(queryTerm); 
    search.setType("video");

In addition, we further specify the fields to be returned as shown here. These correspond to fields of the JSON object:

    search.setFields("items(id/kind,id/videoId,snippet/title," +  
        "snippet/description,snippet/thumbnails/default/url)");

We also specify the maximum number of results to retrieve using the setMaxResults method:

    search.setMaxResults(10L);

The execute method will perform the actual query, returning a SearchListResponse object. Its getItems method returns a list of SearchResult objects, one for each video retrieved:

    SearchListResponse searchResponse = search.execute(); 
    List<SearchResult> searchResultList =  
        searchResponse.getItems();

In this example, we do not iterate through each video returned. Instead, we retrieve the first video and display information about the video. The SearchResult video variable allows us to access different parts of the JSON object, as shown here:

    SearchResult video = searchResultList.iterator().next(); 
    Thumbnail thumbnail = video 
        .getSnippet().getThumbnails().getDefault(); 
 
    out.println("Kind: " + video.getKind()); 
    out.println("Video Id: " + video.getId().getVideoId()); 
    out.println("Title: " + video.getSnippet().getTitle()); 
    out.println("Description: " +  
        video.getSnippet().getDescription()); 
    out.println("Thumbnail: " + thumbnail.getUrl());

One possible output follows where parts of the output have been modified:

Kind: null
Video Id: tntO...
Title: Funny Cats ...
Description: Check out the ...
Thumbnail: https://i.ytimg.com/vi/tntO.../default.jpg

We have skipped many error checking steps to simplify the example, but these should be considered when implementing this in a business application.

If we need to download the video, one of the simplest ways is to use axet/wget found at https://github.com/axet/wget. It provides an easy-to-use technique to download the video using its video ID.

In the following example, a URL is created using the video ID. You will need to provide a video ID for this to work properly. The file is saved to the current directory with the video's title as the filename:

    String url = "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=videoID"; 
    String path = "."; 
    VGet vget = new VGet(new URL(url), new File(path)); 
    vget.download();

There are other more sophisticated download techniques found at the GitHub site.

Handing Twitter

The sheer volume of data and the popularity of the site, among celebrities and the general public alike, make Twitter a valuable resource for mining social media data. Twitter is a popular social media platform allowing users to read and post short messages called tweets. Twitter provides API support for posting and pulling tweets, including streaming data from all public users. While there are services available for pulling the entire set of public tweet data, we are going to examine other options that, while limiting in the amount of data retrieved at one time, are available at no cost.

We are going to focus on the Twitter API for retrieving streaming data. There are other options for retrieving tweets from a specific user as well as posting data to a specific account but we will not be addressing those in this chapter. The public stream API, at the default access level, allows the user to pull a sample of public tweets currently streaming on Twitter. It is possible to refine the data by specifying parameters to track keywords, specific users, and location.

We are going to use HBC, a Java HTTP client, for this example. You can download a sample HBC application at https://github.com/twitter/hbc. If you prefer to use a different HTTP client, ensure it will return incremental response data. The Apache HTTP client is one option. Before you can create the HTTP connection, you must first create a Twitter account and an application within that account. To get started with the app, visit apps.twitter.com. Once your app is created, you will be assigned a consumer key, consumer secret, access token, and access secret token. We will also use OAuth, as discussed previously in this chapter.

First, we will write a method to perform the authentication and request data from Twitter. The parameters for our method are the authentication information given to us by Twitter when we created our app. We will create a BlockingQueue object to hold our streaming data. For this example, we will set a default capacity of 10,000. We will also specify our endpoint and turn off stall warnings:

    public static void streamTwitter( 
        String consumerKey, String consumerSecret,  
        String accessToken, String accessSecret)  
            throws InterruptedException { 
 
        BlockingQueue<String> statusQueue =  
            new LinkedBlockingQueue<String>(10000); 
        StatusesSampleEndpoint ending =  
            new StatusesSampleEndpoint(); 
        ending.stallWarnings(false); 
        ... 
    }

Next, we create an Authentication object using OAuth1, a variation of the OAuth class. We can then build our connection client and complete the HTTP connection:

    Authentication twitterAuth = new OAuth1(consumerKey,  
        consumerSecret, accessToken, accessSecret); 
    BasicClient twitterClient = new ClientBuilder() 
            .name("Twitter client") 
            .hosts(Constants.STREAM_HOST) 
            .endpoint(ending) 
            .authentication(twitterAuth) 
            .processor(new StringDelimitedProcessor(statusQueue)) 
            .build(); 
    twitterClient.connect();

For the purposes of this example, we will simply read the messages received from the stream and print them to the screen. The messages are returned in JSON format and the decision of how to process them in a real application will depend upon the purpose and limitations of that application:

    for (int msgRead = 0; msgRead < 1000; msgRead++) { 
      if (twitterClient.isDone()) { 
        out.println(twitterClient.getExitEvent().getMessage()); 
        break; 
      } 
 
      String msg = statusQueue.poll(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS); 
      if (msg == null) { 
        out.println("Waited 10 seconds - no message received"); 
      } else { 
        out.println(msg); 
      } 
    } 
    twitterClient.stop();

To execute our method, we simply pass our authentication information to the streamTwitter method. For security purposes, we have replaced our personal keys here. Authentication information should always be protected:

    public static void main(String[] args) { 
   
      try { 
        SampleStreamExample.streamTwitter( 
            myKey, mySecret, myToken, myAccess);  
      } catch (InterruptedException e) { 
        out.println(e); 
      } 
    }

Here is truncated sample data retrieved using the methods listed above. Your data will vary based upon Twitter's live stream, but it should resemble this example:

{"created_at":"Fri May 20 15:47:21 +0000 2016","id":733685552789098496,"id_str":"733685552789098496","text":"bwisit si em bahala sya","source":"\u003ca href="http:\/\/twitter.com" rel="nofollow"\u003eTwitter Web 
...
ntions":[],"symbols":[]},"favorited":false,"retweeted":false,"filter_level":"low","lang":"tl","timestamp_ms":"1463759241660"}

Twitter also provides support for pulling all data for one specific user account, as well as posting data directly to an account. A REST API is also available and provides support for specific queries via the search API. These also use the OAuth standard and return data in JSON files.

Handling Wikipedia

Wikipedia (https://www.wikipedia.org/) is a useful source of text and image type information. It is an Internet encyclopedia that hosts 38 million articles written in over 250 languages (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia). As such, it is useful to know how to programmatically access its contents.

MediaWiki is an open source wiki application that supports wiki type sites. It is used to support Wikipedia and many other sites. The MediaWiki API (http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/API) provides access to a wiki's data and metadata over HTTP. An application, using this API, can log in, read data, and post changes to a site.

There are several Java APIs that support programmatic access to a wiki site as listed at https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/API:Client_code#Java. To demonstrate Java access to a wiki we will use Bliki found at https://bitbucket.org/axelclk/info.bliki.wiki/wiki/Home. It provides good access and is easy to use for most basic operations.

The MediaWiki API is complex and has many features. The intent of this section is to illustrate the basic process of obtaining text from a Wikipedia article using this API. It is not possible to cover the API completely here.

We will use the following classes from the info.bliki.api and info.bliki.wiki.model packages:

Page: Represents a retrieved page
User: Represents a user
WikiModel: Represents the wiki

Javadocs for Bliki are found at http://www.javadoc.io/doc/info.bliki.wiki/bliki-core/3.1.0.

The following example has been adapted from http://www.integratingstuff.com/2012/04/06/hook-into-wikipedia-using-java-and-the-mediawiki-api/. This example will access the English Wikipedia page for the subject, data science. We start by creating an instance of the User class. The first two arguments of the three-argument constructor are the user ID and password, respectively. In this case, they are empty strings. This combination allows us to read a page without having to set up an account. The third argument is the URL for the MediaWiki API page:

    User user = new User("", "",  
        "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php"); 
    user.login();

An account will enable us to modify the document. The queryContent method returns a list of Page objects for the subjects found in a string array. Each string should be the title of a page. In this example, we access a single page:

    String[] titles = {"Data science"}; 
    List<Page> pageList = user.queryContent(titles);

Each Page object contains the content of a page. There are several methods that will return the contents of the page. For each page, a WikiModel instance is created using the two-argument constructor. The first argument is the image base URL and the second argument is the link base URL. These URLs use Wiki variables called image and title, which will be replaced when creating links:

    for (Page page : pageList) { 
        WikiModel wikiModel = new WikiModel("${image}",  
            "${title}"); 
        ... 
    }

The render method will take the wiki page and render it to HTML. There is also a method to render the page to a PDF document:

    String htmlText = wikiModel.render(page.toString());

The HTML text is then displayed:

    out.println(htmlText);

A partial listing of the output follows:

<p>PageID: 35458904; NS: 0; Title: Data science; 
Image url: 
Content:
{{distinguish}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Data Visualization}}</p>
<p><b>Data science</b> is an interdisciplinary field about processes and systems to extract <a href="Knowledge" >knowledge</a> 
...

We can also obtain basic information about the article using one of several methods as shown here:

    out.println("Title: " + page.getTitle() + "\n" + 
        "Page ID: " + page.getPageid() + "\n" + 
        "Timestamp: " + page.getCurrentRevision().getTimestamp());

It is also possible to obtain a list of references in the article and a list of the headers. Here, a list of the references is displayed:

    List <Reference> referenceList = wikiModel.getReferences(); 
    out.println(referenceList.size()); 
    for(Reference reference : referenceList) { 
        out.println(reference.getRefString()); 
    }

The following illustrates the process of getting the section headers:

    ITableOfContent toc = wikiModel.getTableOfContent(); 
    List<SectionHeader> sections = toc.getSectionHeaders(); 
    for(SectionHeader sh : sections) { 
        out.println(sh.getFirst()); 
    }

The entire content of Wikipedia can be downloaded. This process is discussed at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Database_download.

It may be desirable to set up your own Wikipedia server to handle your request.

Handling Flickr

Flickr (https://www.flickr.com/) is an online photo management and sharing application. It is a possible source for images and videos. The Flickr Developer Guide (https://www.flickr.com/services/developer/) is a good starting point to learn more about Flickr's API.

One of the first steps to using the Flickr API is to request an API key. This key is used to sign your API requests. The process to obtain a key starts at https://www.flickr.com/services/apps/create/. Both commercial and noncommercial keys are available. When you obtain a key you will also get a "secret." Both of these are required to use the API.

We will illustrate the process of locating and downloading images from Flickr. The process involves:

Creating a Flickr class instance
Specifying the search parameters for a query
Performing the search
Downloading the image

A FlickrException or IOException may be thrown during this process. There are several APIs that support Flickr access. We will be using Flickr4Java, found at https://github.com/callmeal/Flickr4Java. The Flickr4Java Javadocs is found at http://flickrj.sourceforge.net/api/. We will start with a try block and the apikey and secret declarations:

    try { 
        String apikey = "Your API key"; 
        String secret = "Your secret"; 
 
    } catch (FlickrException | IOException ex) { 
        // Handle exceptions 
    }

The Flickr instance is created next, where the apikey and secret are supplied as the first two parameters. The last parameter specifies the transfer technique used to access Flickr servers. Currently, the REST transport is supported using the REST class:

    Flickr flickr = new Flickr(apikey, secret, new REST());

To search for images, we will use the SearchParameters class. This class supports a number of criteria that will narrow down the number of images returned from a query and includes such criteria as latitude, longitude, media type, and user ID. In the following sequence, the setBBox method specifies the longitude and latitude for the search. The parameters are (in order): minimum longitude, minimum latitude, maximum longitude, and maximum latitude. The setMedia method specifies the type of media. There are three possible arguments — "all", "photos", and "videos":

    SearchParameters searchParameters = new SearchParameters(); 
    searchParameters.setBBox("-180", "-90", "180", "90"); 
    searchParameters.setMedia("photos");

The PhotosInterface class possesses a search method that uses the SearchParameters instance to retrieve a list of photos. The getPhotosInterface method returns an instance of the PhotosInterface class, as shown next. The SearchParameters instance is the first parameter. The second parameter determines how many photos are retrieved per page and the third parameter is the offset. A PhotoList class instance is returned:

    PhotosInterface pi = new PhotosInterface(apikey, secret,  
        new REST()); 
    PhotoList<Photo> list = pi.search(searchParameters, 10, 0);

The next sequence illustrates the use of several methods to get information about the images retrieved. Each Photo instance is accessed using the get method. The title, image format, public flag, and photo URL are displayed:

    out.println("Image List"); 
    for (int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) { 
        Photo photo = list.get(i); 
        out.println("Image: " + i + 
            `"\nTitle: " + photo.getTitle() +  
            "\nMedia: " + photo.getOriginalFormat() + 
            "\nPublic: " + photo.isPublicFlag() + 
            "\nUrl: " + photo.getUrl() + 
            "\n"); 
    } 
    out.println();

A partial listing is shown here where many of the specific values have been modified to protect the original data:

Image List
Image: 0
Title: XYZ Image
Media: jpg
Public: true
Url: https://flickr.com/photos/7723...@N02/269...
Image: 1
Title: IMG_5555.jpg
Media: jpg
Public: true
Url: https://flickr.com/photos/2665...@N07/264...
Image: 2
Title: DSC05555
Media: jpg
Public: true
Url: https://flickr.com/photos/1179...@N04/264...

The list of images returned by this example will vary since we used a fairly wide search range and images are being added all of the time.

There are two approaches that we can use to download an image. The first uses the image's URL and the second uses a Photo object. The image's URL can be obtained from a number of sources. We use the Photo class getUrl method for this example.

In the following sequence, we obtain an instance of PhotosInterface using its constructor to illustrate an alternate approach:

    PhotosInterface pi = new PhotosInterface(apikey, secret,  
        new REST());

We get the first Photo instance from the previous list and then its getUrl to get the image's URL. The PhotosInterface class's getImage method returns a BufferedImage object representing the image as shown here:

    Photo currentPhoto = list.get(0);  
    BufferedImage bufferedImage =  
        pi.getImage(currentPhoto.getUrl());

The image is then saved to a file using the ImageIO class:

    File outputfile = new File("image.jpg"); 
    ImageIO.write(bufferedImage, "jpg", outputfile);

The getImage method is overloaded. Here, the Photo instance and the size of the image desired are used as arguments to get the BufferedImage instance:

    bufferedImage = pi.getImage(currentPhoto, Size.SMALL);

The image can be saved to a file using the previous technique.

The Flickr4Java API supports a number of other techniques for working with Flickr images.

Handling YouTube

YouTube is a popular video site where users can upload and share videos (https://www.youtube.com/). It has been used to share humorous videos, provide instructions on how to do any number of things, and share information among its viewers. It is a useful source of information as it captures the thoughts and ideas of a diverse group of people. This provides an interesting opportunity to analysis and gain insight into human behavior.

YouTube can serve as a useful source of videos and video metadata. A Java API is available to access its contents (https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/). Detailed documentation of the API is found at https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/docs/.

In this section, we will demonstrate how to search for videos by keyword and retrieve information of interest. We will also show how to download a video. To use the YouTube API, you will need a Google account, which can be obtained at https://www.google.com/accounts/NewAccount. Next, create an account in the Google Developer's Console (https://console.developers.google.com/). API access is supported using either API keys or OAuth 2.0 credentials. The project creation process and keys are discussed at https://developers.google.com/youtube/registering_an_application#create_project.

Searching by keyword

The process of searching for videos by keyword is adapted from https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/code_samples/java#search_by_keyword. Other potentially useful code examples can be found at https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/code_samples/java. The process has been simplified so that we can focus on the search process. We start with a try block and the creation of a YouTube instance. This class provides the basic access to the API. Javadocs for this API is found at https://developers.google.com/resources/api-libraries/documentation/youtube/v3/java/latest/.

The YouTube.Builder class is used to construct a YouTube instance. Its constructor takes three arguments:

Transport: Object used for HTTP
JSONFactory: Used to process JSON objects
HttpRequestInitializer: None is needed for this example

Many of the APIs responses will be in the form of JSON objects. The YouTube class' setApplicationName method gives it a name and the build method creates a new YouTube instance:

    try { 
        YouTube youtube = new YouTube.Builder( 
            Auth.HTTP_TRANSPORT, 
            Auth.JSON_FACTORY, 
            new HttpRequestInitializer() { 
                public void initialize(HttpRequest request)  
                        throws IOException { 
                } 
            }) 
                .setApplicationName("application_name") 
        ... 
    } catch (GoogleJSONResponseException ex) { 
        // Handle exceptions 
    } catch (IOException ex) { 
        // Handle exceptions 
    }

Next, we initialize a string to hold the search term of interest. In this case, we will look for videos containing the word cats:

    String queryTerm = "cats";

The class, YouTube.Search.List, maintains a collection of search results. The YouTube class's search method specifies the type of resource to be returned. In this case, the string specifies the id and snippet portions of the search result to be returned:

    YouTube.Search.List search = youtube 
        .search() 
        .list("id,snippet");

The search result is a JSON object that has the following structure. It is described in more detail at https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/docs/playlistItems#methods. In the previous sequence, only the id and snippet parts of a search will be returned, resulting in a more efficient operation:

{ 
  "kind": "youtube#searchResult", 
  "etag": etag, 
  "id": { 
    "kind": string, 
    "videoId": string, 
    "channelId": string, 
    "playlistId": string 
  }, 
  "snippet": { 
    "publishedAt": datetime, 
    "channelId": string, 
    "title": string, 
    "description": string, 
    "thumbnails": { 
      (key): { 
        "url": string, 
        "width": unsigned integer, 
        "height": unsigned integer 
      } 
    }, 
    "channelTitle": string, 
    "liveBroadcastContent": string 
  } 
}

Next, we need to specify the API key and various search parameters. The query term is specified, as well as the type of media to be returned. In this case, only videos will be returned. The other two options include channel and playlist:

    String apiKey = "Your API key"; 
    search.setKey(apiKey); 
    search.setQ(queryTerm); 
    search.setType("video");

In addition, we further specify the fields to be returned as shown here. These correspond to fields of the JSON object:

    search.setFields("items(id/kind,id/videoId,snippet/title," +  
        "snippet/description,snippet/thumbnails/default/url)");

We also specify the maximum number of results to retrieve using the setMaxResults method:

    search.setMaxResults(10L);

The execute method will perform the actual query, returning a SearchListResponse object. Its getItems method returns a list of SearchResult objects, one for each video retrieved:

    SearchListResponse searchResponse = search.execute(); 
    List<SearchResult> searchResultList =  
        searchResponse.getItems();

In this example, we do not iterate through each video returned. Instead, we retrieve the first video and display information about the video. The SearchResult video variable allows us to access different parts of the JSON object, as shown here:

    SearchResult video = searchResultList.iterator().next(); 
    Thumbnail thumbnail = video 
        .getSnippet().getThumbnails().getDefault(); 
 
    out.println("Kind: " + video.getKind()); 
    out.println("Video Id: " + video.getId().getVideoId()); 
    out.println("Title: " + video.getSnippet().getTitle()); 
    out.println("Description: " +  
        video.getSnippet().getDescription()); 
    out.println("Thumbnail: " + thumbnail.getUrl());

One possible output follows where parts of the output have been modified:

Kind: null
Video Id: tntO...
Title: Funny Cats ...
Description: Check out the ...
Thumbnail: https://i.ytimg.com/vi/tntO.../default.jpg

We have skipped many error checking steps to simplify the example, but these should be considered when implementing this in a business application.

If we need to download the video, one of the simplest ways is to use axet/wget found at https://github.com/axet/wget. It provides an easy-to-use technique to download the video using its video ID.

In the following example, a URL is created using the video ID. You will need to provide a video ID for this to work properly. The file is saved to the current directory with the video's title as the filename:

    String url = "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=videoID"; 
    String path = "."; 
    VGet vget = new VGet(new URL(url), new File(path)); 
    vget.download();

There are other more sophisticated download techniques found at the GitHub site.

Handling Wikipedia

Wikipedia (https://www.wikipedia.org/) is a useful source of text and image type information. It is an Internet encyclopedia that hosts 38 million articles written in over 250 languages (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia). As such, it is useful to know how to programmatically access its contents.

MediaWiki is an open source wiki application that supports wiki type sites. It is used to support Wikipedia and many other sites. The MediaWiki API (http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/API) provides access to a wiki's data and metadata over HTTP. An application, using this API, can log in, read data, and post changes to a site.

There are several Java APIs that support programmatic access to a wiki site as listed at https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/API:Client_code#Java. To demonstrate Java access to a wiki we will use Bliki found at https://bitbucket.org/axelclk/info.bliki.wiki/wiki/Home. It provides good access and is easy to use for most basic operations.

The MediaWiki API is complex and has many features. The intent of this section is to illustrate the basic process of obtaining text from a Wikipedia article using this API. It is not possible to cover the API completely here.

We will use the following classes from the info.bliki.api and info.bliki.wiki.model packages:

Page: Represents a retrieved page
User: Represents a user
WikiModel: Represents the wiki

Javadocs for Bliki are found at http://www.javadoc.io/doc/info.bliki.wiki/bliki-core/3.1.0.

The following example has been adapted from http://www.integratingstuff.com/2012/04/06/hook-into-wikipedia-using-java-and-the-mediawiki-api/. This example will access the English Wikipedia page for the subject, data science. We start by creating an instance of the User class. The first two arguments of the three-argument constructor are the user ID and password, respectively. In this case, they are empty strings. This combination allows us to read a page without having to set up an account. The third argument is the URL for the MediaWiki API page:

    User user = new User("", "",  
        "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php"); 
    user.login();

An account will enable us to modify the document. The queryContent method returns a list of Page objects for the subjects found in a string array. Each string should be the title of a page. In this example, we access a single page:

    String[] titles = {"Data science"}; 
    List<Page> pageList = user.queryContent(titles);

Each Page object contains the content of a page. There are several methods that will return the contents of the page. For each page, a WikiModel instance is created using the two-argument constructor. The first argument is the image base URL and the second argument is the link base URL. These URLs use Wiki variables called image and title, which will be replaced when creating links:

    for (Page page : pageList) { 
        WikiModel wikiModel = new WikiModel("${image}",  
            "${title}"); 
        ... 
    }

The render method will take the wiki page and render it to HTML. There is also a method to render the page to a PDF document:

    String htmlText = wikiModel.render(page.toString());

The HTML text is then displayed:

    out.println(htmlText);

A partial listing of the output follows:

<p>PageID: 35458904; NS: 0; Title: Data science; 
Image url: 
Content:
{{distinguish}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Data Visualization}}</p>
<p><b>Data science</b> is an interdisciplinary field about processes and systems to extract <a href="Knowledge" >knowledge</a> 
...

We can also obtain basic information about the article using one of several methods as shown here:

    out.println("Title: " + page.getTitle() + "\n" + 
        "Page ID: " + page.getPageid() + "\n" + 
        "Timestamp: " + page.getCurrentRevision().getTimestamp());

It is also possible to obtain a list of references in the article and a list of the headers. Here, a list of the references is displayed:

    List <Reference> referenceList = wikiModel.getReferences(); 
    out.println(referenceList.size()); 
    for(Reference reference : referenceList) { 
        out.println(reference.getRefString()); 
    }

The following illustrates the process of getting the section headers:

    ITableOfContent toc = wikiModel.getTableOfContent(); 
    List<SectionHeader> sections = toc.getSectionHeaders(); 
    for(SectionHeader sh : sections) { 
        out.println(sh.getFirst()); 
    }

The entire content of Wikipedia can be downloaded. This process is discussed at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Database_download.

It may be desirable to set up your own Wikipedia server to handle your request.

Handling Flickr

Flickr (https://www.flickr.com/) is an online photo management and sharing application. It is a possible source for images and videos. The Flickr Developer Guide (https://www.flickr.com/services/developer/) is a good starting point to learn more about Flickr's API.

One of the first steps to using the Flickr API is to request an API key. This key is used to sign your API requests. The process to obtain a key starts at https://www.flickr.com/services/apps/create/. Both commercial and noncommercial keys are available. When you obtain a key you will also get a "secret." Both of these are required to use the API.

We will illustrate the process of locating and downloading images from Flickr. The process involves:

Creating a Flickr class instance
Specifying the search parameters for a query
Performing the search
Downloading the image

A FlickrException or IOException may be thrown during this process. There are several APIs that support Flickr access. We will be using Flickr4Java, found at https://github.com/callmeal/Flickr4Java. The Flickr4Java Javadocs is found at http://flickrj.sourceforge.net/api/. We will start with a try block and the apikey and secret declarations:

    try { 
        String apikey = "Your API key"; 
        String secret = "Your secret"; 
 
    } catch (FlickrException | IOException ex) { 
        // Handle exceptions 
    }

The Flickr instance is created next, where the apikey and secret are supplied as the first two parameters. The last parameter specifies the transfer technique used to access Flickr servers. Currently, the REST transport is supported using the REST class:

    Flickr flickr = new Flickr(apikey, secret, new REST());

To search for images, we will use the SearchParameters class. This class supports a number of criteria that will narrow down the number of images returned from a query and includes such criteria as latitude, longitude, media type, and user ID. In the following sequence, the setBBox method specifies the longitude and latitude for the search. The parameters are (in order): minimum longitude, minimum latitude, maximum longitude, and maximum latitude. The setMedia method specifies the type of media. There are three possible arguments — "all", "photos", and "videos":

    SearchParameters searchParameters = new SearchParameters(); 
    searchParameters.setBBox("-180", "-90", "180", "90"); 
    searchParameters.setMedia("photos");

The PhotosInterface class possesses a search method that uses the SearchParameters instance to retrieve a list of photos. The getPhotosInterface method returns an instance of the PhotosInterface class, as shown next. The SearchParameters instance is the first parameter. The second parameter determines how many photos are retrieved per page and the third parameter is the offset. A PhotoList class instance is returned:

    PhotosInterface pi = new PhotosInterface(apikey, secret,  
        new REST()); 
    PhotoList<Photo> list = pi.search(searchParameters, 10, 0);

The next sequence illustrates the use of several methods to get information about the images retrieved. Each Photo instance is accessed using the get method. The title, image format, public flag, and photo URL are displayed:

    out.println("Image List"); 
    for (int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) { 
        Photo photo = list.get(i); 
        out.println("Image: " + i + 
            `"\nTitle: " + photo.getTitle() +  
            "\nMedia: " + photo.getOriginalFormat() + 
            "\nPublic: " + photo.isPublicFlag() + 
            "\nUrl: " + photo.getUrl() + 
            "\n"); 
    } 
    out.println();

A partial listing is shown here where many of the specific values have been modified to protect the original data:

Image List
Image: 0
Title: XYZ Image
Media: jpg
Public: true
Url: https://flickr.com/photos/7723...@N02/269...
Image: 1
Title: IMG_5555.jpg
Media: jpg
Public: true
Url: https://flickr.com/photos/2665...@N07/264...
Image: 2
Title: DSC05555
Media: jpg
Public: true
Url: https://flickr.com/photos/1179...@N04/264...

The list of images returned by this example will vary since we used a fairly wide search range and images are being added all of the time.

There are two approaches that we can use to download an image. The first uses the image's URL and the second uses a Photo object. The image's URL can be obtained from a number of sources. We use the Photo class getUrl method for this example.

In the following sequence, we obtain an instance of PhotosInterface using its constructor to illustrate an alternate approach:

    PhotosInterface pi = new PhotosInterface(apikey, secret,  
        new REST());

We get the first Photo instance from the previous list and then its getUrl to get the image's URL. The PhotosInterface class's getImage method returns a BufferedImage object representing the image as shown here:

    Photo currentPhoto = list.get(0);  
    BufferedImage bufferedImage =  
        pi.getImage(currentPhoto.getUrl());

The image is then saved to a file using the ImageIO class:

    File outputfile = new File("image.jpg"); 
    ImageIO.write(bufferedImage, "jpg", outputfile);

The getImage method is overloaded. Here, the Photo instance and the size of the image desired are used as arguments to get the BufferedImage instance:

    bufferedImage = pi.getImage(currentPhoto, Size.SMALL);

The image can be saved to a file using the previous technique.

The Flickr4Java API supports a number of other techniques for working with Flickr images.

Handling YouTube

YouTube is a popular video site where users can upload and share videos (https://www.youtube.com/). It has been used to share humorous videos, provide instructions on how to do any number of things, and share information among its viewers. It is a useful source of information as it captures the thoughts and ideas of a diverse group of people. This provides an interesting opportunity to analysis and gain insight into human behavior.

YouTube can serve as a useful source of videos and video metadata. A Java API is available to access its contents (https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/). Detailed documentation of the API is found at https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/docs/.

In this section, we will demonstrate how to search for videos by keyword and retrieve information of interest. We will also show how to download a video. To use the YouTube API, you will need a Google account, which can be obtained at https://www.google.com/accounts/NewAccount. Next, create an account in the Google Developer's Console (https://console.developers.google.com/). API access is supported using either API keys or OAuth 2.0 credentials. The project creation process and keys are discussed at https://developers.google.com/youtube/registering_an_application#create_project.

Searching by keyword

The process of searching for videos by keyword is adapted from https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/code_samples/java#search_by_keyword. Other potentially useful code examples can be found at https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/code_samples/java. The process has been simplified so that we can focus on the search process. We start with a try block and the creation of a YouTube instance. This class provides the basic access to the API. Javadocs for this API is found at https://developers.google.com/resources/api-libraries/documentation/youtube/v3/java/latest/.

The YouTube.Builder class is used to construct a YouTube instance. Its constructor takes three arguments:

Transport: Object used for HTTP
JSONFactory: Used to process JSON objects
HttpRequestInitializer: None is needed for this example

Many of the APIs responses will be in the form of JSON objects. The YouTube class' setApplicationName method gives it a name and the build method creates a new YouTube instance:

    try { 
        YouTube youtube = new YouTube.Builder( 
            Auth.HTTP_TRANSPORT, 
            Auth.JSON_FACTORY, 
            new HttpRequestInitializer() { 
                public void initialize(HttpRequest request)  
                        throws IOException { 
                } 
            }) 
                .setApplicationName("application_name") 
        ... 
    } catch (GoogleJSONResponseException ex) { 
        // Handle exceptions 
    } catch (IOException ex) { 
        // Handle exceptions 
    }

Next, we initialize a string to hold the search term of interest. In this case, we will look for videos containing the word cats:

    String queryTerm = "cats";

The class, YouTube.Search.List, maintains a collection of search results. The YouTube class's search method specifies the type of resource to be returned. In this case, the string specifies the id and snippet portions of the search result to be returned:

    YouTube.Search.List search = youtube 
        .search() 
        .list("id,snippet");

The search result is a JSON object that has the following structure. It is described in more detail at https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/docs/playlistItems#methods. In the previous sequence, only the id and snippet parts of a search will be returned, resulting in a more efficient operation:

{ 
  "kind": "youtube#searchResult", 
  "etag": etag, 
  "id": { 
    "kind": string, 
    "videoId": string, 
    "channelId": string, 
    "playlistId": string 
  }, 
  "snippet": { 
    "publishedAt": datetime, 
    "channelId": string, 
    "title": string, 
    "description": string, 
    "thumbnails": { 
      (key): { 
        "url": string, 
        "width": unsigned integer, 
        "height": unsigned integer 
      } 
    }, 
    "channelTitle": string, 
    "liveBroadcastContent": string 
  } 
}

Next, we need to specify the API key and various search parameters. The query term is specified, as well as the type of media to be returned. In this case, only videos will be returned. The other two options include channel and playlist:

    String apiKey = "Your API key"; 
    search.setKey(apiKey); 
    search.setQ(queryTerm); 
    search.setType("video");

In addition, we further specify the fields to be returned as shown here. These correspond to fields of the JSON object:

    search.setFields("items(id/kind,id/videoId,snippet/title," +  
        "snippet/description,snippet/thumbnails/default/url)");

We also specify the maximum number of results to retrieve using the setMaxResults method:

    search.setMaxResults(10L);

The execute method will perform the actual query, returning a SearchListResponse object. Its getItems method returns a list of SearchResult objects, one for each video retrieved:

    SearchListResponse searchResponse = search.execute(); 
    List<SearchResult> searchResultList =  
        searchResponse.getItems();

In this example, we do not iterate through each video returned. Instead, we retrieve the first video and display information about the video. The SearchResult video variable allows us to access different parts of the JSON object, as shown here:

    SearchResult video = searchResultList.iterator().next(); 
    Thumbnail thumbnail = video 
        .getSnippet().getThumbnails().getDefault(); 
 
    out.println("Kind: " + video.getKind()); 
    out.println("Video Id: " + video.getId().getVideoId()); 
    out.println("Title: " + video.getSnippet().getTitle()); 
    out.println("Description: " +  
        video.getSnippet().getDescription()); 
    out.println("Thumbnail: " + thumbnail.getUrl());

One possible output follows where parts of the output have been modified:

Kind: null
Video Id: tntO...
Title: Funny Cats ...
Description: Check out the ...
Thumbnail: https://i.ytimg.com/vi/tntO.../default.jpg

We have skipped many error checking steps to simplify the example, but these should be considered when implementing this in a business application.

If we need to download the video, one of the simplest ways is to use axet/wget found at https://github.com/axet/wget. It provides an easy-to-use technique to download the video using its video ID.

In the following example, a URL is created using the video ID. You will need to provide a video ID for this to work properly. The file is saved to the current directory with the video's title as the filename:

    String url = "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=videoID"; 
    String path = "."; 
    VGet vget = new VGet(new URL(url), new File(path)); 
    vget.download();

There are other more sophisticated download techniques found at the GitHub site.

Handling Flickr

Flickr (https://www.flickr.com/) is an online photo management and sharing application. It is a possible source for images and videos. The Flickr Developer Guide (https://www.flickr.com/services/developer/) is a good starting point to learn more about Flickr's API.

One of the first steps to using the Flickr API is to request an API key. This key is used to sign your API requests. The process to obtain a key starts at https://www.flickr.com/services/apps/create/. Both commercial and noncommercial keys are available. When you obtain a key you will also get a "secret." Both of these are required to use the API.

We will illustrate the process of locating and downloading images from Flickr. The process involves:

Creating a Flickr class instance
Specifying the search parameters for a query
Performing the search
Downloading the image

A FlickrException or IOException may be thrown during this process. There are several APIs that support Flickr access. We will be using Flickr4Java, found at https://github.com/callmeal/Flickr4Java. The Flickr4Java Javadocs is found at http://flickrj.sourceforge.net/api/. We will start with a try block and the apikey and secret declarations:

    try { 
        String apikey = "Your API key"; 
        String secret = "Your secret"; 
 
    } catch (FlickrException | IOException ex) { 
        // Handle exceptions 
    }

The Flickr instance is created next, where the apikey and secret are supplied as the first two parameters. The last parameter specifies the transfer technique used to access Flickr servers. Currently, the REST transport is supported using the REST class:

    Flickr flickr = new Flickr(apikey, secret, new REST());

To search for images, we will use the SearchParameters class. This class supports a number of criteria that will narrow down the number of images returned from a query and includes such criteria as latitude, longitude, media type, and user ID. In the following sequence, the setBBox method specifies the longitude and latitude for the search. The parameters are (in order): minimum longitude, minimum latitude, maximum longitude, and maximum latitude. The setMedia method specifies the type of media. There are three possible arguments — "all", "photos", and "videos":

    SearchParameters searchParameters = new SearchParameters(); 
    searchParameters.setBBox("-180", "-90", "180", "90"); 
    searchParameters.setMedia("photos");

The PhotosInterface class possesses a search method that uses the SearchParameters instance to retrieve a list of photos. The getPhotosInterface method returns an instance of the PhotosInterface class, as shown next. The SearchParameters instance is the first parameter. The second parameter determines how many photos are retrieved per page and the third parameter is the offset. A PhotoList class instance is returned:

    PhotosInterface pi = new PhotosInterface(apikey, secret,  
        new REST()); 
    PhotoList<Photo> list = pi.search(searchParameters, 10, 0);

The next sequence illustrates the use of several methods to get information about the images retrieved. Each Photo instance is accessed using the get method. The title, image format, public flag, and photo URL are displayed:

    out.println("Image List"); 
    for (int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) { 
        Photo photo = list.get(i); 
        out.println("Image: " + i + 
            `"\nTitle: " + photo.getTitle() +  
            "\nMedia: " + photo.getOriginalFormat() + 
            "\nPublic: " + photo.isPublicFlag() + 
            "\nUrl: " + photo.getUrl() + 
            "\n"); 
    } 
    out.println();

A partial listing is shown here where many of the specific values have been modified to protect the original data:

Image List
Image: 0
Title: XYZ Image
Media: jpg
Public: true
Url: https://flickr.com/photos/7723...@N02/269...
Image: 1
Title: IMG_5555.jpg
Media: jpg
Public: true
Url: https://flickr.com/photos/2665...@N07/264...
Image: 2
Title: DSC05555
Media: jpg
Public: true
Url: https://flickr.com/photos/1179...@N04/264...

The list of images returned by this example will vary since we used a fairly wide search range and images are being added all of the time.

There are two approaches that we can use to download an image. The first uses the image's URL and the second uses a Photo object. The image's URL can be obtained from a number of sources. We use the Photo class getUrl method for this example.

In the following sequence, we obtain an instance of PhotosInterface using its constructor to illustrate an alternate approach:

    PhotosInterface pi = new PhotosInterface(apikey, secret,  
        new REST());

We get the first Photo instance from the previous list and then its getUrl to get the image's URL. The PhotosInterface class's getImage method returns a BufferedImage object representing the image as shown here:

    Photo currentPhoto = list.get(0);  
    BufferedImage bufferedImage =  
        pi.getImage(currentPhoto.getUrl());

The image is then saved to a file using the ImageIO class:

    File outputfile = new File("image.jpg"); 
    ImageIO.write(bufferedImage, "jpg", outputfile);

The getImage method is overloaded. Here, the Photo instance and the size of the image desired are used as arguments to get the BufferedImage instance:

    bufferedImage = pi.getImage(currentPhoto, Size.SMALL);

The image can be saved to a file using the previous technique.

The Flickr4Java API supports a number of other techniques for working with Flickr images.

Handling YouTube

YouTube is a popular video site where users can upload and share videos (https://www.youtube.com/). It has been used to share humorous videos, provide instructions on how to do any number of things, and share information among its viewers. It is a useful source of information as it captures the thoughts and ideas of a diverse group of people. This provides an interesting opportunity to analysis and gain insight into human behavior.

YouTube can serve as a useful source of videos and video metadata. A Java API is available to access its contents (https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/). Detailed documentation of the API is found at https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/docs/.

In this section, we will demonstrate how to search for videos by keyword and retrieve information of interest. We will also show how to download a video. To use the YouTube API, you will need a Google account, which can be obtained at https://www.google.com/accounts/NewAccount. Next, create an account in the Google Developer's Console (https://console.developers.google.com/). API access is supported using either API keys or OAuth 2.0 credentials. The project creation process and keys are discussed at https://developers.google.com/youtube/registering_an_application#create_project.

Searching by keyword

The process of searching for videos by keyword is adapted from https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/code_samples/java#search_by_keyword. Other potentially useful code examples can be found at https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/code_samples/java. The process has been simplified so that we can focus on the search process. We start with a try block and the creation of a YouTube instance. This class provides the basic access to the API. Javadocs for this API is found at https://developers.google.com/resources/api-libraries/documentation/youtube/v3/java/latest/.

The YouTube.Builder class is used to construct a YouTube instance. Its constructor takes three arguments:

Transport: Object used for HTTP
JSONFactory: Used to process JSON objects
HttpRequestInitializer: None is needed for this example

Many of the APIs responses will be in the form of JSON objects. The YouTube class' setApplicationName method gives it a name and the build method creates a new YouTube instance:

    try { 
        YouTube youtube = new YouTube.Builder( 
            Auth.HTTP_TRANSPORT, 
            Auth.JSON_FACTORY, 
            new HttpRequestInitializer() { 
                public void initialize(HttpRequest request)  
                        throws IOException { 
                } 
            }) 
                .setApplicationName("application_name") 
        ... 
    } catch (GoogleJSONResponseException ex) { 
        // Handle exceptions 
    } catch (IOException ex) { 
        // Handle exceptions 
    }

Next, we initialize a string to hold the search term of interest. In this case, we will look for videos containing the word cats:

    String queryTerm = "cats";

The class, YouTube.Search.List, maintains a collection of search results. The YouTube class's search method specifies the type of resource to be returned. In this case, the string specifies the id and snippet portions of the search result to be returned:

    YouTube.Search.List search = youtube 
        .search() 
        .list("id,snippet");

The search result is a JSON object that has the following structure. It is described in more detail at https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/docs/playlistItems#methods. In the previous sequence, only the id and snippet parts of a search will be returned, resulting in a more efficient operation:

{ 
  "kind": "youtube#searchResult", 
  "etag": etag, 
  "id": { 
    "kind": string, 
    "videoId": string, 
    "channelId": string, 
    "playlistId": string 
  }, 
  "snippet": { 
    "publishedAt": datetime, 
    "channelId": string, 
    "title": string, 
    "description": string, 
    "thumbnails": { 
      (key): { 
        "url": string, 
        "width": unsigned integer, 
        "height": unsigned integer 
      } 
    }, 
    "channelTitle": string, 
    "liveBroadcastContent": string 
  } 
}

Next, we need to specify the API key and various search parameters. The query term is specified, as well as the type of media to be returned. In this case, only videos will be returned. The other two options include channel and playlist:

    String apiKey = "Your API key"; 
    search.setKey(apiKey); 
    search.setQ(queryTerm); 
    search.setType("video");

In addition, we further specify the fields to be returned as shown here. These correspond to fields of the JSON object:

    search.setFields("items(id/kind,id/videoId,snippet/title," +  
        "snippet/description,snippet/thumbnails/default/url)");

We also specify the maximum number of results to retrieve using the setMaxResults method:

    search.setMaxResults(10L);

The execute method will perform the actual query, returning a SearchListResponse object. Its getItems method returns a list of SearchResult objects, one for each video retrieved:

    SearchListResponse searchResponse = search.execute(); 
    List<SearchResult> searchResultList =  
        searchResponse.getItems();

In this example, we do not iterate through each video returned. Instead, we retrieve the first video and display information about the video. The SearchResult video variable allows us to access different parts of the JSON object, as shown here:

    SearchResult video = searchResultList.iterator().next(); 
    Thumbnail thumbnail = video 
        .getSnippet().getThumbnails().getDefault(); 
 
    out.println("Kind: " + video.getKind()); 
    out.println("Video Id: " + video.getId().getVideoId()); 
    out.println("Title: " + video.getSnippet().getTitle()); 
    out.println("Description: " +  
        video.getSnippet().getDescription()); 
    out.println("Thumbnail: " + thumbnail.getUrl());

One possible output follows where parts of the output have been modified:

Kind: null
Video Id: tntO...
Title: Funny Cats ...
Description: Check out the ...
Thumbnail: https://i.ytimg.com/vi/tntO.../default.jpg

We have skipped many error checking steps to simplify the example, but these should be considered when implementing this in a business application.

If we need to download the video, one of the simplest ways is to use axet/wget found at https://github.com/axet/wget. It provides an easy-to-use technique to download the video using its video ID.

In the following example, a URL is created using the video ID. You will need to provide a video ID for this to work properly. The file is saved to the current directory with the video's title as the filename:

    String url = "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=videoID"; 
    String path = "."; 
    VGet vget = new VGet(new URL(url), new File(path)); 
    vget.download();

There are other more sophisticated download techniques found at the GitHub site.

Handling YouTube

YouTube is a popular video site where users can upload and share videos (https://www.youtube.com/). It has been used to share humorous videos, provide instructions on how to do any number of things, and share information among its viewers. It is a useful source of information as it captures the thoughts and ideas of a diverse group of people. This provides an interesting opportunity to analysis and gain insight into human behavior.

YouTube can serve as a useful source of videos and video metadata. A Java API is available to access its contents (https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/). Detailed documentation of the API is found at https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/docs/.

In this section, we will demonstrate how to search for videos by keyword and retrieve information of interest. We will also show how to download a video. To use the YouTube API, you will need a Google account, which can be obtained at https://www.google.com/accounts/NewAccount. Next, create an account in the Google Developer's Console (https://console.developers.google.com/). API access is supported using either API keys or OAuth 2.0 credentials. The project creation process and keys are discussed at https://developers.google.com/youtube/registering_an_application#create_project.

Searching by keyword

The process of searching for videos by keyword is adapted from https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/code_samples/java#search_by_keyword. Other potentially useful code examples can be found at https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/code_samples/java. The process has been simplified so that we can focus on the search process. We start with a try block and the creation of a YouTube instance. This class provides the basic access to the API. Javadocs for this API is found at https://developers.google.com/resources/api-libraries/documentation/youtube/v3/java/latest/.

The YouTube.Builder class is used to construct a YouTube instance. Its constructor takes three arguments:

Transport: Object used for HTTP
JSONFactory: Used to process JSON objects
HttpRequestInitializer: None is needed for this example

Many of the APIs responses will be in the form of JSON objects. The YouTube class' setApplicationName method gives it a name and the build method creates a new YouTube instance:

    try { 
        YouTube youtube = new YouTube.Builder( 
            Auth.HTTP_TRANSPORT, 
            Auth.JSON_FACTORY, 
            new HttpRequestInitializer() { 
                public void initialize(HttpRequest request)  
                        throws IOException { 
                } 
            }) 
                .setApplicationName("application_name") 
        ... 
    } catch (GoogleJSONResponseException ex) { 
        // Handle exceptions 
    } catch (IOException ex) { 
        // Handle exceptions 
    }

Next, we initialize a string to hold the search term of interest. In this case, we will look for videos containing the word cats:

    String queryTerm = "cats";

The class, YouTube.Search.List, maintains a collection of search results. The YouTube class's search method specifies the type of resource to be returned. In this case, the string specifies the id and snippet portions of the search result to be returned:

    YouTube.Search.List search = youtube 
        .search() 
        .list("id,snippet");

The search result is a JSON object that has the following structure. It is described in more detail at https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/docs/playlistItems#methods. In the previous sequence, only the id and snippet parts of a search will be returned, resulting in a more efficient operation:

{ 
  "kind": "youtube#searchResult", 
  "etag": etag, 
  "id": { 
    "kind": string, 
    "videoId": string, 
    "channelId": string, 
    "playlistId": string 
  }, 
  "snippet": { 
    "publishedAt": datetime, 
    "channelId": string, 
    "title": string, 
    "description": string, 
    "thumbnails": { 
      (key): { 
        "url": string, 
        "width": unsigned integer, 
        "height": unsigned integer 
      } 
    }, 
    "channelTitle": string, 
    "liveBroadcastContent": string 
  } 
}

Next, we need to specify the API key and various search parameters. The query term is specified, as well as the type of media to be returned. In this case, only videos will be returned. The other two options include channel and playlist:

    String apiKey = "Your API key"; 
    search.setKey(apiKey); 
    search.setQ(queryTerm); 
    search.setType("video");

In addition, we further specify the fields to be returned as shown here. These correspond to fields of the JSON object:

    search.setFields("items(id/kind,id/videoId,snippet/title," +  
        "snippet/description,snippet/thumbnails/default/url)");

We also specify the maximum number of results to retrieve using the setMaxResults method:

    search.setMaxResults(10L);

The execute method will perform the actual query, returning a SearchListResponse object. Its getItems method returns a list of SearchResult objects, one for each video retrieved:

    SearchListResponse searchResponse = search.execute(); 
    List<SearchResult> searchResultList =  
        searchResponse.getItems();

In this example, we do not iterate through each video returned. Instead, we retrieve the first video and display information about the video. The SearchResult video variable allows us to access different parts of the JSON object, as shown here:

    SearchResult video = searchResultList.iterator().next(); 
    Thumbnail thumbnail = video 
        .getSnippet().getThumbnails().getDefault(); 
 
    out.println("Kind: " + video.getKind()); 
    out.println("Video Id: " + video.getId().getVideoId()); 
    out.println("Title: " + video.getSnippet().getTitle()); 
    out.println("Description: " +  
        video.getSnippet().getDescription()); 
    out.println("Thumbnail: " + thumbnail.getUrl());

One possible output follows where parts of the output have been modified:

Kind: null
Video Id: tntO...
Title: Funny Cats ...
Description: Check out the ...
Thumbnail: https://i.ytimg.com/vi/tntO.../default.jpg

We have skipped many error checking steps to simplify the example, but these should be considered when implementing this in a business application.

If we need to download the video, one of the simplest ways is to use axet/wget found at https://github.com/axet/wget. It provides an easy-to-use technique to download the video using its video ID.

In the following example, a URL is created using the video ID. You will need to provide a video ID for this to work properly. The file is saved to the current directory with the video's title as the filename:

    String url = "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=videoID"; 
    String path = "."; 
    VGet vget = new VGet(new URL(url), new File(path)); 
    vget.download();

There are other more sophisticated download techniques found at the GitHub site.

Searching by keyword

The process of searching for videos by keyword is adapted from https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/code_samples/java#search_by_keyword. Other potentially useful code examples can be found at https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/code_samples/java. The process has been simplified so that we can focus on the search process. We start with a try block and the creation of a YouTube instance. This class provides the basic access to the API. Javadocs for this API is found at https://developers.google.com/resources/api-libraries/documentation/youtube/v3/java/latest/.

The YouTube.Builder class is used to construct a YouTube instance. Its constructor takes three arguments:

Transport: Object used for HTTP
JSONFactory: Used to process JSON objects
HttpRequestInitializer: None is needed for this example

Many of the APIs responses will be in the form of JSON objects. The YouTube class' setApplicationName method gives it a name and the build method creates a new YouTube instance:

    try { 
        YouTube youtube = new YouTube.Builder( 
            Auth.HTTP_TRANSPORT, 
            Auth.JSON_FACTORY, 
            new HttpRequestInitializer() { 
                public void initialize(HttpRequest request)  
                        throws IOException { 
                } 
            }) 
                .setApplicationName("application_name") 
        ... 
    } catch (GoogleJSONResponseException ex) { 
        // Handle exceptions 
    } catch (IOException ex) { 
        // Handle exceptions 
    }

Next, we initialize a string to hold the search term of interest. In this case, we will look for videos containing the word cats:

    String queryTerm = "cats";

The class, YouTube.Search.List, maintains a collection of search results. The YouTube class's search method specifies the type of resource to be returned. In this case, the string specifies the id and snippet portions of the search result to be returned:

    YouTube.Search.List search = youtube 
        .search() 
        .list("id,snippet");

The search result is a JSON object that has the following structure. It is described in more detail at https://developers.google.com/youtube/v3/docs/playlistItems#methods. In the previous sequence, only the id and snippet parts of a search will be returned, resulting in a more efficient operation:

{ 
  "kind": "youtube#searchResult", 
  "etag": etag, 
  "id": { 
    "kind": string, 
    "videoId": string, 
    "channelId": string, 
    "playlistId": string 
  }, 
  "snippet": { 
    "publishedAt": datetime, 
    "channelId": string, 
    "title": string, 
    "description": string, 
    "thumbnails": { 
      (key): { 
        "url": string, 
        "width": unsigned integer, 
        "height": unsigned integer 
      } 
    }, 
    "channelTitle": string, 
    "liveBroadcastContent": string 
  } 
}

Next, we need to specify the API key and various search parameters. The query term is specified, as well as the type of media to be returned. In this case, only videos will be returned. The other two options include channel and playlist:

    String apiKey = "Your API key"; 
    search.setKey(apiKey); 
    search.setQ(queryTerm); 
    search.setType("video");

In addition, we further specify the fields to be returned as shown here. These correspond to fields of the JSON object:

    search.setFields("items(id/kind,id/videoId,snippet/title," +  
        "snippet/description,snippet/thumbnails/default/url)");

We also specify the maximum number of results to retrieve using the setMaxResults method:

    search.setMaxResults(10L);

The execute method will perform the actual query, returning a SearchListResponse object. Its getItems method returns a list of SearchResult objects, one for each video retrieved:

    SearchListResponse searchResponse = search.execute(); 
    List<SearchResult> searchResultList =  
        searchResponse.getItems();

In this example, we do not iterate through each video returned. Instead, we retrieve the first video and display information about the video. The SearchResult video variable allows us to access different parts of the JSON object, as shown here:

    SearchResult video = searchResultList.iterator().next(); 
    Thumbnail thumbnail = video 
        .getSnippet().getThumbnails().getDefault(); 
 
    out.println("Kind: " + video.getKind()); 
    out.println("Video Id: " + video.getId().getVideoId()); 
    out.println("Title: " + video.getSnippet().getTitle()); 
    out.println("Description: " +  
        video.getSnippet().getDescription()); 
    out.println("Thumbnail: " + thumbnail.getUrl());

One possible output follows where parts of the output have been modified:

Kind: null
Video Id: tntO...
Title: Funny Cats ...
Description: Check out the ...
Thumbnail: https://i.ytimg.com/vi/tntO.../default.jpg

We have skipped many error checking steps to simplify the example, but these should be considered when implementing this in a business application.

If we need to download the video, one of the simplest ways is to use axet/wget found at https://github.com/axet/wget. It provides an easy-to-use technique to download the video using its video ID.

In the following example, a URL is created using the video ID. You will need to provide a video ID for this to work properly. The file is saved to the current directory with the video's title as the filename:

    String url = "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=videoID"; 
    String path = "."; 
    VGet vget = new VGet(new URL(url), new File(path)); 
    vget.download();

There are other more sophisticated download techniques found at the GitHub site.

Summary

In this chapter, we discussed types of data that are useful for data science and readily accessible on the Internet. This discussion included details about file specifications and formats for the most common types of data sources.

We also examined Java APIs and other techniques for retrieving data, and illustrated this process with multiple sources. In particular, we focused on types of text-based document formats and multimedia files. We used web crawlers to access websites and then performed web scraping to retrieve data from the sites we encountered.

Finally, we extracted data from social media sites and examined the available Java support. We retrieved data from Twitter, Wikipedia, Flickr, and YouTube and examined the available API support.

ID	Minimum	Maximum	Average
`12345`	`45`	`89`	`65.55`
`23456`	`78`	`96`	`86.75`
`34567`	`56`	`89`	`67.44`
`45678`	`86`	`99`	`95.67`

You're reading from Machine Learning: End-to-End guide for Java developers Data Analysis, Machine Learning, and Neural Networks simplified

Table of Contents (5) Chapters

Chapter 2. Data Acquisition

Understanding the data formats used in data science applications

Overview of CSV data

Overview of spreadsheets

Overview of databases

Overview of PDF files

Overview of JSON

Overview of XML

Overview of streaming data

Overview of audio/video/images in Java

Data acquisition techniques

Using the HttpUrlConnection class

Web crawlers in Java

Creating your own web crawler

Using the crawler4j web crawler

Web scraping in Java

Using API calls to access common social media sites

Using OAuth to authenticate users

Handing Twitter

Handling Wikipedia

Handling Flickr

Handling YouTube

Searching by keyword

Using the HttpUrlConnection class

Web crawlers in Java

Creating your own web crawler

Using the crawler4j web crawler

Web scraping in Java

Using API calls to access common social media sites

Using OAuth to authenticate users

Handing Twitter

Handling Wikipedia

Handling Flickr

Handling YouTube

Searching by keyword

Web crawlers in Java

Creating your own web crawler

Using the crawler4j web crawler

Web scraping in Java

Using API calls to access common social media sites

Using OAuth to authenticate users

Handing Twitter

Handling Wikipedia

Handling Flickr

Handling YouTube

Searching by keyword

Creating your own web crawler

Using the crawler4j web crawler

Using OAuth to authenticate users

Handing Twitter

Handling Wikipedia

Handling Flickr

Handling YouTube

Searching by keyword

Using the crawler4j web crawler

Using OAuth to authenticate users

Handing Twitter

Handling Wikipedia

Handling Flickr

Handling YouTube

Searching by keyword

Web scraping in Java

Using API calls to access common social media sites

Using OAuth to authenticate users

Handing Twitter

Handling Wikipedia

Handling Flickr

Handling YouTube

Searching by keyword

Using API calls to access common social media sites

Using OAuth to authenticate users

Handing Twitter

Handling Wikipedia

Handling Flickr

Handling YouTube

Searching by keyword

Using OAuth to authenticate users

Handing Twitter