To do the exercises for this chapter, you will need the following:

• An Apple Mac computer (Apple Silicon or Intel) running macOS 12 Monterey or macOS 13 Ventura
• An Apple ID (if you don’t have one, you will create one in this chapter)
• Optionally, an iOS device running iOS 16

The Xcode project for this chapter is in the Chapter01 folder of the code bundle for this book, which can be downloaded here:

https://github.com/PacktPublishing/iOS-16-Programming-for-Beginners-Seventh-Edition

Check out the following video to see the code in action:

https://bit.ly/3CUz8Kn

You’ll start by downloading Xcode, Apple’s integrated development environment (IDE) for developing iOS apps from the App Store, in the next section.

Xcode is Apple’s integrated development environment (IDE) for developing iOS apps. Before you begin writing your first iOS app, you need to download and install Xcode from the App Store on your Mac. To do this, follow these steps:

1. Choose App Store from the Apple menu.
2. In the search field in the top-right corner, type Xcode and press the Return key.
3. You should see Xcode in the search results. Click Get and then Install.
4. If you have an Apple ID, type it in the Apple ID text box. If you don’t have one, click the Create Apple ID button and follow the step-by-step instructions to create one:

   

   Figure 1.1: Apple ID creation dialog box

   You can see more information on how to create an Apple ID using this link: https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT204316#appstore.

5. Once Xcode has been installed, launch it. You should see a License Agreement screen. Click Agree:

Figure 1.2: License agreement screen

6. You will be prompted to enter your Mac’s administrator username and password. Once you have done so, click OK:

Figure 1.3: Prompt for administrator username and password

7. You will see a screen showing you the available development platforms. You just need Mac and iOS for now. Leave the settings at their default values and click Install:

Figure 1.4: Development platforms screen

8. If you are using an Apple Silicon Mac and have not yet installed Rosetta, which allows Intel-based Mac apps to run on Apple Silicon Macs, you will be prompted to install it now. Click Install:

Figure 1.5: Rosetta prompt

9. You should see the following Welcome to Xcode screen. Click Create a new Xcode project in the left-hand pane:

Figure 1.6: Welcome to Xcode screen

10. You will see the new project screen as follows. In the Choose a template for your new project: section, select iOS. Then choose App and click Next:

Figure 1.7: Choose a template for your new project: screen

11. You will see the Choose options for your new project: screen:

    

    Figure 1.8: Choose options for your new project: screen

    Configure the options shown in the preceding screenshot as follows:

    • Product Name: The name of your app. Enter ExploringXcode in the text field.
    • Organization Identifier: Used to create a unique identifier for your app on the App Store. Enter com.yourname for now. This is known as reverse domain name notation format and is commonly used by iOS developers.
    • Interface: The method used to create the user interface for your app. Set this to Storyboard.
    • Language: The programming language to be used. Set this to Swift.

    Leave the other settings as their default values and make sure all the checkboxes are unticked. Click Next when done.

12. You’ll see a Save dialog box. Choose a location to save your project, such as the Desktop or Documents folder, and click Create:

Figure 1.9: Save dialog box

13. You will see a dialog box saying Git Repository Creation Failed, click Fix.

    The reason why you see this dialog box is because the Source Control checkbox is ticked. Apple recommends that Source Control be turned on. Source Control is outside the scope of this book but if you wish to learn more about version control and Git, see this link: https://git-scm.com/video/what-is-version-control.

14. You will see the Source Control setting screen as follows:

    

    Figure 1.10: Source Control preference screen

    Enter the following information:

    • Author Name: Your own name
    • Author Email: Your email address

Close the Source Control setting screen by clicking the red Close button in the top left corner when done. The Xcode main window will appear.

Fantastic! You have now successfully downloaded and installed Xcode and created your first project. In the next section, you will learn about the Xcode user interface.

You’ve just created your first Xcode project! As you can see, the Xcode user interface is divided into several distinct parts, as shown here:

Figure 1.11: Xcode user interface

Let’s look at each part in more detail. The following description corresponds to the numbers shown in the preceding screenshot:

• Toolbar (1) - Used to build and run your apps, and view the progress of running tasks.
• Navigator area (2) - Provides quick access to the various parts of your project. The Project navigator is displayed by default.
• Editor area (3) - Allows you to edit source code, user interfaces, and other resources.
• Inspector area (4) - Allows you to view and edit information about items selected in the Navigator area or Editor area.
• Debug area (5) - Contains the debug bar, the variables view, and the Console. The Debug area is toggled by typing Shift + Command + Y.

Next, let’s examine the Toolbar more closely. The left side of the Toolbar is shown here:

Figure 1.12: Xcode toolbar (left side)

Let’s look at each part in more detail. The following description corresponds to the numbers shown in the preceding screenshot:

• Navigator button (1) - Toggles the Navigator area on and off.
• Stop button (2) – Only appears next to the Play button when the app is running. Stops the currently running app.
• Play button (3) - Used to build and run your app.
• Scheme menu (4) - Shows the specific scheme to build your project (ExploringXcode) and the destination to run your app on (iPhone SE (3rd generation)).

Schemes and destinations are distinct. Schemes specify the settings for building and running your project. Destinations specify installation locations for your app, and exist for physical devices and simulators.

• Activity view (5) - Displays the progress of running tasks.

The right side of the Toolbar is shown here:

Figure 1.13: Xcode toolbar (right side)

Let’s look at each part in more detail. The following description corresponds to the numbers shown in the preceding screenshot:

• Library button (1) - Displays user interface elements, code snippets, and other resources.
• Inspector button (2) - Toggles the Inspector area on and off.

Don’t be overwhelmed by all the different parts, as you’ll learn about them in more detail in later chapters. Now that you are familiar with the Xcode interface, you will run the app you just created in the iOS simulator, which displays a representation of your iOS device.

The iOS simulator is installed when you install Xcode. It provides a simulated iOS device so that you can see what your app looks like and how it behaves, without needing a physical iOS device. It can model all the screen sizes and resolutions for both iPad and iPhone so you can test your app on multiple devices easily.

To run your app in the simulator, follow these steps:

1. Click the Scheme menu in the toolbar and you will see a list of simulators. Choose iPhone SE (3rd generation) from this menu:

Figure 1.14: Xcode Scheme menu with iPhone SE (3^rd generation) selected

2. Click the Play button to install and run your app on the currently selected simulator. You can also use the Command + R keyboard shortcut.
3. The simulator will launch and show a representation of an iPhone SE (3^rd generation). Your app displays a white screen, as you have not yet added anything to your project:

Figure 1.15: iOS Simulator

4. Switch back to Xcode and click on the Stop button (or press Command + .) to stop the currently running project.

You have just created and run your first iOS app in the simulator! Great job!

If you look at the Scheme menu, you may wonder what the Devices and Build sections are for. Let’s take a look at them in the next section.

Understanding the Devices and Build sections

You learned how to choose a simulator in the Scheme menu to run your app in the previous section. In addition to the list of simulators, the Scheme menu also has Devices and Build sections. These allow you to run apps on actual iOS devices, and prepare apps for submission to the App Store.

Click the Scheme menu in the toolbar to see the Devices and Build sections at the top of the menu:

Figure 1.16: Xcode Scheme menu showing Devices and Build sections

If you have an Apple Silicon Mac, the Devices section will display text stating My Mac (Designed for iPad), because Apple Silicon Macs can run iOS apps. Otherwise, No Devices will be displayed. If you were to plug in an iOS device, it would appear in this section, and you would be able to run the apps you develop on it for testing. Running your apps on an actual device is recommended as the simulator will not accurately reflect the performance characteristics of an actual iOS device, and does not have some hardware features and software APIs that actual devices have.

The Build section has only one menu item, Any iOS Device. This is used when you need to archive your app prior to submitting it to the App Store. You’ll learn how to do this in Chapter 27, Testing and Submitting Your App to the App Store.

Now let’s see how to build and run your app on an actual iOS device. The vast majority of the instructions in this book do not require you to have an iOS device though, so if you don’t have one, you can skip the next section and go straight to Chapter 2, Simple Values and Types.

Although you’ll be able to go through most of the exercises in this book using the simulator, it is recommended to build and test your apps on an actual iOS device, as the simulator will not be able to simulate some hardware components and software APIs.

In addition to your device, you’ll need an Apple ID or a paid Apple Developer account to build and run your app on your device. You’ll use the same Apple ID that you used to download Xcode from the App Store for now. Follow these steps:

1. Use the cable that came with your iOS device to connect your device to your Mac, and make sure the iOS device is unlocked.
2. Your iOS device will display a Trust This Computer alert. Tap Trust and key in your device passcode when prompted.
3. Your Mac will display a Allow Accessory to Connect alert. Click Allow. Your iOS device should now be connected to your Mac, and will appear in Xcode’s Scheme menu.

   You can view connected devices by choosing Window | Devices and Simulators in the Xcode menu bar.

4. In the Scheme menu, note that your iOS device does not have Developer Mode turned on:

   

   Figure 1.17: Xcode Scheme menu showing iPhone with Developer Mode disabled

   Developer mode was introduced by Apple during their World Wide Developer Conference in 2022 ( WWDC 2022), and is required to install, run and debug your apps on iOS 16 devices.

   To watch a WWDC 2022 video on Developer Mode, click this link: https://developer.apple.com/videos/play/wwdc2022/110344/.

5. If you attempt to build and run your app on your iOS device, you will see the following alert:

Figure 1.18: Alert showing Developer Mode is not turned on

6. To enable Developer Mode on your iOS device, go to Settings | Privacy & Security, scroll down to the Developer Mode item, and tap it.
7. Turn the Developer Mode switch on:

Figure 1.19: Developer Mode switch

8. An alert will appear to warn you that Developer Mode reduces the security of your iOS device. Tap the alert’s Restart button.
9. After your iOS device restarts and you unlock it, confirm that you want to enable Developer Mode by tapping Turn On and entering your iOS device’s passcode.
10. Verify that the (Developer Mode disabled) no longer appears next to your iOS device in the Scheme menu. Your iOS device is now ready to install and run apps from Xcode:

Figure 1.20: Xcode Scheme menu with actual iOS device selected

11. Wait for Xcode to finish indexing and processing, which will take a while. Once this is complete, Ready will be displayed in the status window.
12. Run the project by clicking the Play button (or use Command + R). You will get the following error: Signing for “ExploringXcode” requires a development team:

    

    Figure 1.21: Xcode Signing & Capabilities panel

    This is because a digital certificate is required to run the app on an iOS device, and you need to add an Apple ID or paid Apple Developer account to Xcode so the digital certificate can be generated.

    Using an Apple ID will allow you to test your app on an iOS device, but you will need a paid Apple Developer account to distribute apps on the App Store. You’ll learn more about this in Chapter 27, Testing and Submitting Your App to the App Store.

    Certificates ensure that the only apps that run on your device are the ones you authorize. This helps to protect against malware. You can also learn more about them at this link: https://help.apple.com/xcode/mac/current/#/dev60b6fbbc7.

13. Click the Add Account... button:

Figure 1.22: Xcode Signing & Capabilities pane with the Add Account… button selected

14. The Xcode Settings window appears with the Accounts pane selected. Enter your Apple ID and click Next:

    

    Figure 1.23: Apple ID creation dialog box

    Note that you can create a different Apple ID if you wish using the Create Apple ID button.

    You can also access Xcode settings by choosing Settings in the Xcode menu.

15. Enter your password when prompted. After a few minutes, the Accounts pane will display your account settings:

Figure 1.24: Accounts pane in Xcode preferences

16. Close the Settings window when you’re done by clicking the red Close button in the top-left corner.
17. In Xcode’s Editor area, Click Signing & Capabilities. Make sure Automatically manage signing is ticked and Personal Team is selected from the Team pop-up menu:

Figure 1.25: Xcode Signing & Capabilities pane with account set

18. If you still see errors in this screen, try changing your Bundle Identifier by typing some random characters into it, for example, com.myname4352.ExploringXcode.
19. Everything should work now when you build and run, and your app will be installed on your iOS device. However, it will not launch, and you will see the following message:

Figure 1.26: Could not launch “ExploringXcode” dialog box

This means you need to trust the certificate that has been installed on your device. You’ll learn how to do this in the next section.

Trusting the Developer App certificate on your iOS device

A Developer App certificate is a special file that gets installed on your iOS device along with your app. Before your app can run, you need to trust it. Follow these steps:

1. On your iOS device, tap Settings| General | VPN & Device Management:

Figure 1.27: Device Management setting in iOS Settings

2. Tap Apple Development:

Figure 1.28: Apple Development section in Device Management settings

3. Tap Trust “Apple Development: “:

Figure 1.29: Trust button

4. Tap Trust:

Figure 1.30: Trust dialog box

5. You should see the following text, which shows the app is now trusted:

Figure 1.31: Apple Development section with trusted certificate

6. Click the Play button in Xcode to build and run again. You’ll see your app launch and run on your iOS device.

Congratulations! Note that you have to connect your iOS device to your Mac using the cable to build and run your app. You’ll learn how to connect to your device over Wi-Fi in the next section.

Connecting an iOS device wirelessly

Unplugging and replugging your iOS device to your Mac can get pretty cumbersome after a while, so you’ll configure Xcode to connect to your iOS device over Wi-Fi now. Follow these steps:

1. Make sure your iOS device is plugged in to your Mac, and both Mac and iOS device are on the same wireless network.
2. Choose Window | Devices and Simulators from the Xcode menu bar:

Figure 1.32: Xcode Window menu with Devices and Simulators selected

3. Click on the checkbox marked Connect via network:

Figure 1.33: Xcode Devices and Simulators Window with “Connect via network” checked

Awesome! Your iOS device is now connected wirelessly to Xcode, and you no longer need the USB cable to be connected to it.

In this chapter, you learned how to download and install Xcode on your Mac. You familiarized yourself with the different parts of the Xcode user interface. You created your first iOS app, selected a simulator, and built and ran the app. You learned what the Devices and Build menu items are for. You can now create and run iOS apps on your Mac without requiring an iOS device.

You learned how to connect an iOS device to Xcode via USB so that you can run the app on it. You added an Apple ID to Xcode so the necessary digital certificates can be created and installed on your device and trusted the certificate on your device. This gives you the ability to run your apps on an actual device, so you can more accurately determine their performance, and make use of features not available in the iOS simulator.

Finally, you learned how to connect to your device over Wi-Fi, so you no longer need to plug in your device every time you want to run an app. This makes it much more convenient to build and test your apps on an iOS device as any new builds can be transferred immediately over the air.

In the next chapter, we’ll start exploring the Swift language using Swift Playgrounds, and learn how simple values and types are implemented in Swift.

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