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R for Data Science
R for Data Science

R for Data Science: Learn and explore the fundamentals of data science with R

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R for Data Science

Chapter 2. Data Mining Sequences

Data mining is frequently used to detect sequences or patterns in data. In this chapter, we are looking for the data to follow a pattern where one event or series of events predicts another data point in a consistent manner.

This chapter describes the different ways to find patterns in your dataset:

  • Patterns to look for
  • Find patterns in data
  • Constraints

We can find patterns in many large datasets. This can range across a number of areas, such as population mix changes, frequency of cell phone use, deterioration of highways, accidents due to age, and so on. It really feels like there are many patterns and sequences just waiting to be discovered.

We can find these patterns using a number of tools in R programming. Most patterns are limited in their extent by constraints, such as time over which the sequence will be meaningful.

Patterns

We will go over several methods of determining patterns in data:

Type of model

How the model works

eclat

This model is used for itemset pattern detection, often used for shopping carts

arules

This model determines the co-occurrence of items in a dataset

apriori

This model learns the association rules in a dataset

TraMineR

This is an R package for mining sequences

Eclat

The Eclat algorithm is used for frequent itemset mining. In this case, we are looking for similar patterns in behavior, as opposed to looking for irregularities (like we did in other data mining approaches).

This algorithm uses intersections in the data to compute the support of candidates for events that frequently occur together, such as shopping cart items. The frequent candidates are then tested to confirm the pattern in the dataset.

Usage

Eclat is used in R programming with the eclat function in the arules package. The R programming usage of the Eclat algorithm follows this convention:

> eclat...

Questions

Factual

  • How will you exclude white people from the eclat results?
  • Describe the different transitions that occur in the sequence plots.
  • In the TraMineRmvad data summary, there are marked differences in regional responses. Can you guess why?

When, how, and why?

  • Describe what is going on with the few outliers in seqiplot. There are several data points that don't seem to fit.
  • What would be going on in the data presented in seqHtplot when the line curves upward?
  • How will you apply the sequence finding routines discussed?

Challenges

  • Determine what the item numbers represent in the market basket data.
  • The TraMineR package includes much more than what was covered in this chapter. You could investigate the additional functionality further.

Summary

In this chapter, we discussed different methods of determining patterns in data. We found patterns in a dataset using the eclat function looking for similar patterns in a population. We used a TraMineR to find frequent sets of items in a market basket. We used apriori rules to determine associations among items in a market basket. We used TraMineR to determine sequences of career transition among adults and visualized the same with extensive graphics features available for sequence data. Finally, we examined the similarities and differences between the sequences using seqdist.

In the next chapter, we will cover text mining or examining datasets that are text-based, rather than numerical or categorical.

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Description

If you are a data analyst who has a firm grip on some advanced data analysis techniques and wants to learn how to leverage the features of R, this is the book for you. You should have some basic knowledge of the R language and should know about some data science topics.

What you will learn

  • Develop, execute, and modify R scripts
  • Learn how to use different data mining sequences
  • Find out how to organize your data effectively
  • Produce highquality data visualizations
  • Get to grips with a number of approaches to the statistical analysis of data
  • Learn how to cultivate a strategic approach to your data to use the right tools, models and visualizations to get the job done
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Publication date : Dec 24, 2014
Length: 364 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781784390860
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Table of Contents

13 Chapters
1. Data Mining Patterns Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
2. Data Mining Sequences Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
3. Text Mining Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
4. Data Analysis – Regression Analysis Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
5. Data Analysis – Correlation Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
6. Data Analysis – Clustering Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
7. Data Visualization – R Graphics Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
8. Data Visualization – Plotting Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
9. Data Visualization – 3D Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
10. Machine Learning in Action Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
11. Predicting Events with Machine Learning Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
12. Supervised and Unsupervised Learning Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Index Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customer reviews

Rating distribution
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Half star icon Empty star icon 3.4
(5 Ratings)
5 star 60%
4 star 0%
3 star 0%
2 star 0%
1 star 40%
Luis Jose Muãiz Rascado Apr 23, 2016
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
excelent issue!!!!
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Ketan Jan 29, 2015
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Recently completed reading this book on my kindle! To be honest, I judged the book by its cover when it says “Learn and explore the fundamentals of data science with R,” I believed it. This book covers various cluster analysis, data mining, regression and graphics and much more. The highlight of the book for me was its section “Machine Learning in Action.”Though I will be going through the book again to find out details I must have missed, but on an overview, I can say that this will be an important book in my kindle library. I realised it is not wrong to judge the book by its cover.A must read for all data scientists!
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Akshul Agarwal Jan 29, 2015
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
I recently purchased two books from Packt Publishing, R Object Oriented Programming and this one, R for data sciences. The authors seem to have a thorough understanding of the topics and moreover have a knack for keeping the content so simplistic that even beginners would eventually find their path to understand the topic with ease. As the description suggests, the purpose of the book is to explore the core topics that a person interested in R would want to read about. The content of the book was indeed what I have been looking for. This book draws from an extensive assortment of data sources and works on the data using very easily available R functions and packages over the web.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Amazon Customer Oct 19, 2017
Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 1
Terrible book. There are topics that are presented multiple times on the book, independently. It limits itself to a copy paste of the input and output parameters of some data science methods, without giving any explanations and with multiple errors.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Logan Sep 02, 2015
Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 1
"From the results, we can see R-squared of close to 0 and p-value almost 1; this is a very good fit." (p. 309)This is a direct quote from this book. When you can't understand the most basic aspect of linear regression you have no business selling a book on "data science." Run away, run very far away and download something like the free Introduction to Statistical Learning if you really want to learn R and the basics of data science.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
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