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Home > Programming > High Performance Programming > Swift High Performance
Swift High Performance
Swift High Performance

Swift High Performance: Leverage Swift and enhance your code to take your applications to the next level

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Swift High Performance

Chapter 2. Making a Good Application Architecture in Swift

Swift is a high-performance programming language, as you learned in the previous chapter. You also learned that writing good code is even more important than making it high-performance code. In this chapter, we will put the all-powerful features of Swift together and create an application. We will do this by covering the following topics:

  • Writing clean code
  • Immutability
  • Value types and immutability
  • Representing the state with classes
  • Representing the absence of values with optionals
  • Functional programming
  • Generics

Making a Swift application

The first step in creating a good application architecture is to create the application itself. We will be creating an iOS journal application used to make daily notes. We are not going to cover any iOS-specific topics, so you can use the same code and create OS X applications as well.

Go ahead! Open Xcode and create a new iOS single-view project application. Now, we are ready for coding.

First, let's create a Person type, for the owner of the journal, and a journal entry type. We will use the Class type to create both Person and JournalEntry. Both classes are very simple—just a bunch of properties and an initializer:

class Person {
  var firstName: String
  var lastName: String

  init (firstName: String, lastName: String) {
    self.firstName = firstName
    self.lastName = lastName
  }
 }

class JournalEntry {
  var title: String
  var text: String
  var date: NSDate
  
  init (title: String, text: String) {
    self.title = title
    self.text =...

The differences between variables and constants

Probably, the most often used feature in all programming languages is creating and storing a value. We create local variables in functions and declare them in classes and other data structures; that's why it's very important to do it properly.

In Swift, there are two ways of creating and storing a value, as follows:

  • Making it a variable:
    var name = "Sara"
  • Making it a constant:
    let name = "Sara"

The difference between variables and constants is that a constant value can be assigned only once and can't be changed after that. A variable value, on the other hand, can be changed anytime. Here's an example:

var name = "Sam"
name = "Jon"

let lastName = "Peterson"
lastName = "Jakson" //Error, can't change constant after assigning

Tip

The golden rule is to always declare your type as a constant (the let keyword in the previous example) first. Change it to a variable (the var...

Immutability

In the previous section, you learned how important it is to use immutable constants. There are more immutable types in Swift, and you should take advantage of them and use them. The advantages of immutability are as follows:

  • It removes a bunch of issues related to unintentional value changes
  • It is a safe multithreading access
  • It makes reasoning about code easier
  • There is an improvement in performance

By making types immutable, you add an extra level of security. You deny access to mutating an instance. In our journal app, it's not possible to change a person's name after an instance has been created. If, by accident, someone decides to assign a new value to the person's firstName, the compiler will show an error:

var person = Person(firstName: "Jon", lastName: "Bosh")
p.firstName = "Sam" // Error

However, there are situations when we need to update a variable. An example could be an array; suppose you need to add a new item to it. In our...

Value types and immutability

There are two different data types in Swift:

  • Reference types
  • Value types

Let's take a look at these.

Reference types

A class is a reference type. When you create an instance of a reference type and assign it to a variable or constant, you are not only assigning a value but also a reference that points to the value, which is located somewhere else (actually it is located in the heap memory). When you pass that reference to other functions and assign it to other variables, you are creating multiple references that point to the same data. If one of those variables changes the data, that change will reflect in all other variables as well. Here's an example that shows this:

let person = Person(firstName: "Sam", lastName: "Jakson")
let a = person, b = person, c = person

The following diagram shows what the memory for this code would look like:

Reference types

All four constants would refer to the same object. The danger in this architecture is that if one of...

Representing the absence of values with optionals

Let's go back to the past and see how the absence of a value is represented in Objective-C, as an example. There isn't a standard solution for representing the absence of a value for both reference and simple value types. There are two different ways:

  • nil
  • 0, -1, INT_MAX, NSNotFound, and so on

For reference types, Objective-C uses the nil value to represent that a variable doesn't have a value. It points to nowhere.

For value types, there is no such value as nil and it is not possible to assign nil to an integer variable. To do that, Objective-C (and not only Objective-C but also C, Java, and many other languages) uses a few special values that are unlikely to be the result of a particular operation. For example, the indexOfObject method of NSArray would return NSNotFound.

Note

NSNotFound is just a constant and its value is equal to NSIntegerMax, whose value, in turn, is 2147483647.

Swift uses an optional to represent the absence...

Making a Swift application

The first step in creating a good application architecture is to create the application itself. We will be creating an iOS journal application used to make daily notes. We are not going to cover any iOS-specific topics, so you can use the same code and create OS X applications as well.

Go ahead! Open Xcode and create a new iOS single-view project application. Now, we are ready for coding.

First, let's create a Person type, for the owner of the journal, and a journal entry type. We will use the Class type to create both Person and JournalEntry. Both classes are very simple—just a bunch of properties and an initializer:

class Person {
  var firstName: String
  var lastName: String

  init (firstName: String, lastName: String) {
    self.firstName = firstName
    self.lastName = lastName
  }
 }

class JournalEntry {
  var title: String
  var text: String
  var date: NSDate
  
  init (title: String, text: String) {
    self.title = title
    self.text = text
    date...

The differences between variables and constants

Probably, the most often used feature in all programming languages is creating and storing a value. We create local variables in functions and declare them in classes and other data structures; that's why it's very important to do it properly.

In Swift, there are two ways of creating and storing a value, as follows:

  • Making it a variable:

    var name = "Sara"

  • Making it a constant:

    let name = "Sara"

The difference between variables and constants is that a constant value can be assigned only once and can't be changed after that. A variable value, on the other hand, can be changed anytime. Here's an example:

var name = "Sam"
name = "Jon"

let lastName = "Peterson"
lastName = "Jakson" //Error, can't change constant after assigning

Tip

The golden rule is to always declare your type as a constant (the let keyword in the previous example) first. Change it to a variable (the var keyword) only if you need it afterwards.

There are some exceptions when you can't declare...

Immutability

In the previous section, you learned how important it is to use immutable constants. There are more immutable types in Swift, and you should take advantage of them and use them. The advantages of immutability are as follows:

  • It removes a bunch of issues related to unintentional value changes

  • It is a safe multithreading access

  • It makes reasoning about code easier

  • There is an improvement in performance

By making types immutable, you add an extra level of security. You deny access to mutating an instance. In our journal app, it's not possible to change a person's name after an instance has been created. If, by accident, someone decides to assign a new value to the person's firstName, the compiler will show an error:

var person = Person(firstName: "Jon", lastName: "Bosh")
p.firstName = "Sam" // Error

However, there are situations when we need to update a variable. An example could be an array; suppose you need to add a new item to it. In our example, maybe the person wants to change a...

Value types and immutability

There are two different data types in Swift:

  • Reference types

  • Value types

Let's take a look at these.

Reference types

A class is a reference type. When you create an instance of a reference type and assign it to a variable or constant, you are not only assigning a value but also a reference that points to the value, which is located somewhere else (actually it is located in the heap memory). When you pass that reference to other functions and assign it to other variables, you are creating multiple references that point to the same data. If one of those variables changes the data, that change will reflect in all other variables as well. Here's an example that shows this:

let person = Person(firstName: "Sam", lastName: "Jakson")
let a = person, b = person, c = person

The following diagram shows what the memory for this code would look like:

All four constants would refer to the same object. The danger in this architecture is that if one of those constants updates a piece...

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Key benefits

  • • Build solid, high performance applications in Swift
  • • Increase your efficiency by getting to grips with concurrency and parallel programming
  • • Use Swift to design performance-oriented solutions

Description

Swift is one of the most popular and powerful programming languages for building iOS and Mac OS applications, and continues to evolve with new features and capabilities. Swift is considered a replacement to Objective-C and has performance advantages over Objective-C and Python. Swift adopts safe programming patterns and adds modern features to make programming easier, more flexible, and more fun. Develop Swift and discover best practices that allow you to build solid applications and optimize their performance. First, a few of performance characteristics of Swift will be explained. You will implement new tools available in Swift, including Playgrounds and REPL. These will improve your code efficiency, enable you to analyse Swift code, and enhance performance. Next, the importance of building solid applications using multithreading concurrency and multi-core device architecture is covered, before moving on to best practices and techniques that you should utilize when building high performance applications, such as concurrency and lazy-loading. Finally, you will explore the underlying structure of Swift further, and learn how to disassemble and compile Swift code.

Who is this book for?

This book is aimed at experienced Swift developers wanting to optimize their programs on Apple platforms to optimize application performance.

What you will learn

  • Build solid, stable, and reliable applications using Swift
  • Use REPL and Pl to manage and configure relational databases
  • Explore Swift s features including its static type system, value objects, and functional programming
  • Design reusable code for high performance in Swift
  • Use to Xcode LLBD and REPL to debug commands
  • Avoid sharing resources by using concurrency and parallel programming
  • Understand the lazy loading pattern, lazy sequences, and lazy evolution.
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Publication date, Length, Edition, Language, ISBN-13
Publication date : Nov 06, 2015
Length: 212 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781785282201
Category :
Programming
Languages :
Swift
Concepts :
High Performance Programming

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Product Details

Publication date : Nov 06, 2015
Length: 212 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781785282201
Category :
Programming
Languages :
Swift
Concepts :
High Performance Programming

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Table of Contents

9 Chapters
1. Exploring Swift's Power and Performance Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
1. Exploring Swift's Power and Performance
Swift speed
Welcome to Swift
Swift's features and benefits
Swift interoperability
Performance – meaning and key metrics
Summary
2. Making a Good Application Architecture in Swift Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
2. Making a Good Application Architecture in Swift
Making a Swift application
The differences between variables and constants
Immutability
Value types and immutability
Representing the absence of values with optionals
Functional programming
Generics
Safety
Summary
3. Testing and Identifying Slow Code with the Swift Toolkit Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
3. Testing and Identifying Slow Code with the Swift Toolkit
REPL
Playgrounds
LLDB
REPL in Xcode
Console logs
Performance measuring in unit tests
Instruments
A reminder
Summary
4. Improving Code Performance Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
4. Improving Code Performance
Understanding performance optimization
Optimization checklist
Swift code compilation
Constants and variables
Method calls
Intelligent code
Improving speed
Value objects and reference objects
Swift arrays and unsafe C arrays
Avoiding Objective-C
Summary
5. Choosing the Correct Data Structure Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
5. Choosing the Correct Data Structure
An overview of data structures
Collection types
Swift standard library collections
Collection memory allocation
The CollectionType protocol methods
Accelerate and Surge
Other collections
Summary
6. Architecting Applications for High Performance Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
6. Architecting Applications for High Performance
Achieving high performance
Concurrency overview
Designing asynchronous code
Avoiding state
Divide and conquer
Controlling the lifetime
Summary
7. The Importance of Being Lazy Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
7. The Importance of Being Lazy
The lazy mindset
Lazy loading
Lazy collections and evaluation
Summary
8. Discovering All the Underlying Swift Power Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
8. Discovering All the Underlying Swift Power
How Swift is so fast
Swift command line tools
The Swift compiler
The Swift compilation process and swiftc
Analyzing executable files
Summary
Final thoughts
Index Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Index

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Customer reviews

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Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon 4
(8 Ratings)
5 star 37.5%
4 star 50%
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1 star 12.5%
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Michael Roth Dec 04, 2015
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Very helpful book. Filled in the gaps to swift ideals that are only glossed over in other books. You do need some exposure to swift to get the most from it, but still a good reference for beginners as well as seasoned swift converts.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Larry Ball Jan 02, 2016
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
This book does a good job of covering the concepts that affect application performance. These concepts could be applied to other programming languages as well. Coverage of the Swift Toolkit is invaluable. This is a must have book if you want to take your coding from beginning or intermediate to advanced. Even advanced programmers would find it valuable as a reference.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Gabriel Aguilera Sep 05, 2016
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
lots of tips for intermediate Swift programmers. This is my second Swift Language book after the excellent "Swift Programming" by Big Nerd Ranch.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Michael Jan 03, 2016
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon 4
I was initially concerned that my limited production Swift experience (so far) would hinder the usefulness of this book but the gentle, unassuming nature of the writing soon made that concern dissipate. Instead I got a behind the scenes look at what Swift is, what it does well, and why - from the basics up. In knowing these things, you are then prepared for the second half of the book which helps you to think at the architectural level about programming in Swift.The style is a little informal, and it seems that maybe English is a second language for the author, which may be an issue for some readers. I found it to be endearing and allowed the obvious love that the writer has for Swift, and for programming in general, to come though. It felt more like he was talking to me, instead of lecturing or essaying.Given I have page after page of highlights to go back and review, refer to and turn into a crib sheet, I think it's a worthwhile read for everyone wishing to take their Swift developer skills to the next level. Perhaps not essential, but certainly highly beneficial.
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Andrea Dec 09, 2015
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon 4
If you like going deeper into a language and missed the kind of insights into optimization you can get for other language, this is the book for you.Swift is getting more and more mature and a guide like this is what was actually missing as you often end up asking yourself if what you're doing is the most efficient thing.Probably not a good fit for a complete beginner, but you don't need to be a guru either to appreciate it.
Amazon Verified review Amazon

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About the author

Profile icon Koval
Koval
Github icon
Kostiantyn Koval is a passionate developer with 5 years of experience. All the time, his main passion and work has been building iOS applications. So far, he has built many different applications, including games, enterprise apps, and big platforms. He fell in love with Swift the first minute he saw it, and keeps expressing this to the rest of the world. Other than iOS, he is also interested in technologies and languages such as Scala, Clojure, LLVM, Ruby, JavaScript, and others. He loves open source and blogging. You can find him on GitHub at https://github.com/kostiakoval and his blogs at https://medium.com/@kostiakoval. Other places to contact him are http://kostiakoval.github.io and Twitter at @KostiaKoval. His hobbies are programming, building start-ups, and making this world better with software.
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Premium: Delivery to most Asian addresses within 5-9 business days

Disclaimer:
All orders received before 5 PM U.K time would start printing from the next business day. So the estimated delivery times start from the next day as well. Orders received after 5 PM U.K time (in our internal systems) on a business day or anytime on the weekend will begin printing the second to next business day. For example, an order placed at 11 AM today will begin printing tomorrow, whereas an order placed at 9 PM tonight will begin printing the day after tomorrow.


Unfortunately, due to several restrictions, we are unable to ship to the following countries:

  1. Afghanistan
  2. American Samoa
  3. Belarus
  4. Brunei Darussalam
  5. Central African Republic
  6. The Democratic Republic of Congo
  7. Eritrea
  8. Guinea-bissau
  9. Iran
  10. Lebanon
  11. Libiya Arab Jamahriya
  12. Somalia
  13. Sudan
  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela
What is custom duty/charge? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customs duty are charges levied on goods when they cross international borders. It is a tax that is imposed on imported goods. These duties are charged by special authorities and bodies created by local governments and are meant to protect local industries, economies, and businesses.

Do I have to pay customs charges for the print book order? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

The orders shipped to the countries that are listed under EU27 will not bear custom charges. They are paid by Packt as part of the order.

List of EU27 countries: www.gov.uk/eu-eea:

A custom duty or localized taxes may be applicable on the shipment and would be charged by the recipient country outside of the EU27 which should be paid by the customer and these duties are not included in the shipping charges been charged on the order.

How do I know my custom duty charges? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

The amount of duty payable varies greatly depending on the imported goods, the country of origin and several other factors like the total invoice amount or dimensions like weight, and other such criteria applicable in your country.

For example:

  • If you live in Mexico, and the declared value of your ordered items is over $ 50, for you to receive a package, you will have to pay additional import tax of 19% which will be $ 9.50 to the courier service.
  • Whereas if you live in Turkey, and the declared value of your ordered items is over € 22, for you to receive a package, you will have to pay additional import tax of 18% which will be € 3.96 to the courier service.
How can I cancel my order? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Cancellation Policy for Published Printed Books:

You can cancel any order within 1 hour of placing the order. Simply contact [email protected] with your order details or payment transaction id. If your order has already started the shipment process, we will do our best to stop it. However, if it is already on the way to you then when you receive it, you can contact us at [email protected] using the returns and refund process.

Please understand that Packt Publishing cannot provide refunds or cancel any order except for the cases described in our Return Policy (i.e. Packt Publishing agrees to replace your printed book because it arrives damaged or material defect in book), Packt Publishing will not accept returns.

What is your returns and refunds policy? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Return Policy:

We want you to be happy with your purchase from Packtpub.com. We will not hassle you with returning print books to us. If the print book you receive from us is incorrect, damaged, doesn't work or is unacceptably late, please contact Customer Relations Team on [email protected] with the order number and issue details as explained below:

  1. If you ordered (eBook, Video or Print Book) incorrectly or accidentally, please contact Customer Relations Team on [email protected] within one hour of placing the order and we will replace/refund you the item cost.
  2. Sadly, if your eBook or Video file is faulty or a fault occurs during the eBook or Video being made available to you, i.e. during download then you should contact Customer Relations Team within 14 days of purchase on [email protected] who will be able to resolve this issue for you.
  3. You will have a choice of replacement or refund of the problem items.(damaged, defective or incorrect)
  4. Once Customer Care Team confirms that you will be refunded, you should receive the refund within 10 to 12 working days.
  5. If you are only requesting a refund of one book from a multiple order, then we will refund you the appropriate single item.
  6. Where the items were shipped under a free shipping offer, there will be no shipping costs to refund.

On the off chance your printed book arrives damaged, with book material defect, contact our Customer Relation Team on [email protected] within 14 days of receipt of the book with appropriate evidence of damage and we will work with you to secure a replacement copy, if necessary. Please note that each printed book you order from us is individually made by Packt's professional book-printing partner which is on a print-on-demand basis.

What tax is charged? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Currently, no tax is charged on the purchase of any print book (subject to change based on the laws and regulations). A localized VAT fee is charged only to our European and UK customers on eBooks, Video and subscriptions that they buy. GST is charged to Indian customers for eBooks and video purchases.

What payment methods can I use? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

You can pay with the following card types:

  1. Visa Debit
  2. Visa Credit
  3. MasterCard
  4. PayPal
What is the delivery time and cost of print books? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Shipping Details

USA:

'

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the US within 10-15 business days

Premium: Trackable Delivery to most addresses in the US within 3-8 business days

UK:

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 7-9 business days.
Shipments are not trackable

Premium: Trackable delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 3-4 business days!
Add one extra business day for deliveries to Northern Ireland and Scottish Highlands and islands

EU:

Premium: Trackable delivery to most EU destinations within 4-9 business days.

Australia:

Economy: Can deliver to P. O. Boxes and private residences.
Trackable service with delivery to addresses in Australia only.
Delivery time ranges from 7-9 business days for VIC and 8-10 business days for Interstate metro
Delivery time is up to 15 business days for remote areas of WA, NT & QLD.

Premium: Delivery to addresses in Australia only
Trackable delivery to most P. O. Boxes and private residences in Australia within 4-5 days based on the distance to a destination following dispatch.

India:

Premium: Delivery to most Indian addresses within 5-6 business days

Rest of the World:

Premium: Countries in the American continent: Trackable delivery to most countries within 4-7 business days

Asia:

Premium: Delivery to most Asian addresses within 5-9 business days

Disclaimer:
All orders received before 5 PM U.K time would start printing from the next business day. So the estimated delivery times start from the next day as well. Orders received after 5 PM U.K time (in our internal systems) on a business day or anytime on the weekend will begin printing the second to next business day. For example, an order placed at 11 AM today will begin printing tomorrow, whereas an order placed at 9 PM tonight will begin printing the day after tomorrow.


Unfortunately, due to several restrictions, we are unable to ship to the following countries:

  1. Afghanistan
  2. American Samoa
  3. Belarus
  4. Brunei Darussalam
  5. Central African Republic
  6. The Democratic Republic of Congo
  7. Eritrea
  8. Guinea-bissau
  9. Iran
  10. Lebanon
  11. Libiya Arab Jamahriya
  12. Somalia
  13. Sudan
  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela