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Home > Data > Data Analysis > Hands-On SAS for Data Analysis
Hands-On SAS for Data Analysis
Hands-On SAS for Data Analysis

Hands-On SAS for Data Analysis: A practical guide to performing effective queries, data visualization, and reporting techniques

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Hands-On SAS for Data Analysis

Introduction to SAS Programming

In this chapter, we will learn and master basic SAS programming techniques. For the uninitiated of you, this chapter should be a stepping stone to SAS programming. For experienced SAS programmers, this chapter will help you revise some behind the scenes functionalities and tricks of SAS. In either case, this chapter will lay the foundation for how good an advanced SAS programmer you can be. As we progress through this chapter, we will cover the following topics:

  • SAS dataset fundamentals
  • SAS programming language—basic syntax
  • SAS LOG
  • Dataset options
  • SAS operators
  • Formats
  • Subsetting datasets

SAS dataset fundamentals

The SAS dataset contains values that are organized as rows and columns that can be processed (read/written) by SAS. The dataset can be a data file (table) or view. Either way, a dataset is typically rectangular in format. The dataset has a descriptor portion and data portion. While in the following table, we can only see the column/variable names, the descriptor portion holds further information such as the number of rows (more commonly referred to as observations) in the dataset, date and time of creation, and the operating environment in which it was created. This section is called the data portion, which holds all the data values:

The maximum number of observations that can be counted for a SAS dataset is determined by the long integer data type size for the operating environment. In operating environments with a 32-bit long integer, the maximum number...

SAS programming language – basic syntax

We used code in the first program to create an output dataset. The dataset was created by what is known as data steps. Data steps are a collection of statements that can help create, modify, and control the output. SAS also leverages Structured Query Language (SQL). Let's review the basic syntax for data steps and SQL within SAS. We will continue to explore more advanced versions of code throughout this book.

Data step

The following code represents one of the simplest forms of a data step:

DATA WORK.Air;
SET SASHELP.Air;
RUN;

Using the SET statement in this data step, we have specified the dataset that we want to refer to. There are no conditional statements in the program...

SAS LOG

The SAS LOG section of your coding environment is where all the actions performed that have been by the user in the current session are stored. These include instances of program submission and also messages about any programs that you might have terminated while they were executing. Apart from these, the SAS LOG also contains system-generated messages. These are of two types. The first instance is where the SAS version and a few other details about your system are written to the LOG. The second is when responses to the user code are generated and written to the LOG. The response could state that the program has run successfully, failed, or has some syntax issues that have been ignored. The responses are categorized in NOTE, INFO, WARNING, and ERROR categories. Program submission messages can be easily identified in the LOG as they have a line number associated with them...

Dataset options

There are many built-in SAS options that apply to the dataset. The broad purpose of these options is to help us do the following:

  • Rename variables
  • Select variables for subsetting
  • Retain select variables
  • Specify the password for a dataset, compress it, and encrypt it

Throughout this book, we will be looking at various dataset options. We will begin by exploring the compress, encrypt, and index options.

Compression

Compression reduces the number of bytes that are required to store each observation. The advantage of compression is that it requires less storage, owing to the fact that fewer bytes are required and fewer I/O operations are necessary to read or write to the data during processing.

The biggest disadvantage...

SAS operators

An SAS operator is a symbol that represents a comparison, arithmetic calculation, or logical operation. We will look into the various operator in the following sections.

Arithmetic operators

For performing arithmetic operations, the following can be used in SAS:

Symbol

Definition

+

Addition

/

Division

**

Exponentiation

*

Multiplication

-

Subtraction

Comparison operators

Comparison operators set up a comparison, operation, or calculation with two variables, constants, or expressions. If the comparison is true, the result...

Formats

There are usually three scenarios when formats are used in SAS:

  • To format the data available to make it more readable
  • To assign a specific format to make the data more meaningful
  • To alter the data type to make calculations, derivations, and so on

Formatting to make the data readable

SAS stores all dates as single unique numbers in a numeric format. All dates are stored as the number of dates from January 1, 1960. If you think of a number line, all dates prior to January 1, 1960 are negative and all dates after that are positive. It’s cumbersome to decode the numeric dates. An easier alternative is to get SAS to display a date using a date format. Let's look at our cost of living dataset with the addition...

Subsetting datasets

In many instances, we will need to select only a proportion of the overall dataset. This selection or subsetting of the dataset can be done in three ways:

  • Use of the WHERE and IF statements
  • Using the SAS dataset OPTIONS
  • Using the DROP and KEEP statements

WHERE and IF statements

Let's only select the data where the records have been updated in 2019:

DATA Updated_2019;
SET Cost_Living;
WHERE Year(Updated) = 2019;
RUN;

The following output will be generated:

In this instance, we could have also used the IF statement to generate similar output. We can also use WHERE and IF statements in the same data step:

DATA Updated_2019;
SET Cost_Living;
WHERE Year(Updated) = 2019;
IF Index >= 80; 
RUN;

This further...

Dictionary tables

Some SAS software packages require minimal coding experience to get your work done. However, once you want to do anything advanced, it gets restrictive to use just the predefined options available in the package. At that moment, most users tend to write code. Chances are that if you want to go beyond what SAS already offers as predefined procedures and functionalities, you want to write advanced programs/macros. While we will delve into macros later on in this book, there is an aspect of SAS that is being leveraged less by some users. These are the dictionaries. But what are they and how can they be useful?

Some reasons for using dictionary tables are as follows:

  • They hold all the information about SAS libraries, datasets, macros, and external files that are being used in the SAS session.
  • It is a read-only view, so there are no chances of it being compromised...

Summary

In this chapter, we covered the basics of SAS dataset fundamentals and how to create a table, compile it, and then execute it. We also looked into the basic syntax of the SAS programming language. Then, we learned how to compress, encrypt, and index a dataset. Finally, we learned the various operators in SAS, and how to format and subset the dataset.

In the next chapter, we will learn how to manipulate, sanitize, and transform data.

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Key benefits

  • Build enterprise-class data solutions using SAS and become well-versed in SAS programming
  • Work with different data structures, and run SQL queries to manipulate your data
  • Explore essential concepts and techniques with practical examples to confidently pass the SAS certification exam

Description

SAS is one of the leading enterprise tools in the world today when it comes to data management and analysis. It enables the fast and easy processing of data and helps you gain valuable business insights for effective decision-making. This book will serve as a comprehensive guide that will prepare you for the SAS certification exam. After a quick overview of the SAS architecture and components, the book will take you through the different approaches to importing and reading data from different sources using SAS. You will then cover SAS Base and 4GL, understanding data management and analysis, along with exploring SAS functions for data manipulation and transformation. Next, you'll discover SQL procedures and get up to speed on creating and validating queries. In the concluding chapters, you'll learn all about data visualization, right from creating bar charts and sample geographic maps through to assigning patterns and formats. In addition to this, the book will focus on macro programming and its advanced aspects. By the end of this book, you will be well versed in SAS programming and have the skills you need to easily handle and manage your data-related problems in SAS.

Who is this book for?

Budding or experienced data professionals who want to get started with SAS will benefit from this book. Those looking to prepare for the SAS certification exam will also find this book to be a useful resource. Some understanding of basic data management concepts will help you get the most out of this book.

What you will learn

  • Explore a variety of SAS modules and packages for efficient data analysis
  • Use SAS 4GL functions to manipulate, merge, sort, and transform data
  • Gain useful insights into advanced PROC SQL options in SAS to interact with data
  • Get to grips with SAS Macro and define your own macros to share data
  • Discover the different graphical libraries to shape and visualize data with
  • Apply the SAS Output Delivery System to prepare detailed reports
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Table of Contents

16 Chapters
Section 1: SAS Basics Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Section 1: SAS Basics
Introduction to SAS Programming Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Introduction to SAS Programming
SAS dataset fundamentals
SAS programming language – basic syntax
SAS LOG
Dataset options
SAS operators
Formats
Subsetting datasets
Dictionary tables
Summary
Data Manipulation and Transformation Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Data Manipulation and Transformation
Length of a variable
Case conversion and alignment
String identification
Dealing with blanks
Missing and multiple values
Interval calculations
Concatenation
Logic and control
Number manipulation
Summary
Section 2: Merging, Optimizing, and Descriptive Statistics Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Section 2: Merging, Optimizing, and Descriptive Statistics
Combining, Indexing, Encryption, and Compression Techniques Simplified Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Combining, Indexing, Encryption, and Compression Techniques Simplified
Introduction to combining
Concatenation
Interleaving
Merging
Indexing
Encryption
Summary
Power of Statistics, Reporting, Transforming Procedures, and Functions Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Power of Statistics, Reporting, Transforming Procedures, and Functions
Proc Freq
Proc Univariate
Proc Means and Summary
Proc Corr
Proc REG
Proc Transpose
Summary
Section 3: Advanced Programming Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Section 3: Advanced Programming
Advanced Programming Techniques - SAS Macros Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Advanced Programming Techniques - SAS Macros
What are macros?
Macro variable processing
Macro resolution tracking
Macro definition processing
Comparing positional and keywords parameters
Data-driven programming
Leveraging automatic global macro variables
Macros that evaluate
Writing efficient macros
Summary
Powerful Functions, Options, and Automatic Variables Simplified Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Powerful Functions, Options, and Automatic Variables Simplified
NOMPREPLACE and MREPLACE
NOMCOMPILE and NCOMPILE
MCOMPILENOTE
NOMEXECNOTE and MEXECNOTE
MAUTOCOMPLOC
MACRO and NOMACRO
Exchanging values between the DATA step and macro variables
CALL EXECUTE
Altering the CALL SYMPUT example
Resolving macro variables
Macro quoting
Summary
Section 4: SQL in SAS Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Section 4: SQL in SAS
Advanced Programming Techniques Using PROC SQL Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Advanced Programming Techniques Using PROC SQL
Comparing data steps and Proc SQL
Proc SQL joins
Proc SQL essentials
Dictionary tables
Summary
Deep Dive into PROC SQL Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Deep Dive into PROC SQL
SAS views in Proc SQL
Making changes with Proc SQL
Identifying duplicates using Proc SQL
Creating an index in Proc SQL
Macros and Proc SQL
Summary
Section 5: Data Visualization and Reporting Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Section 5: Data Visualization and Reporting
Data Visualization Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Data Visualization
The role of data visualization in analytics
Histograms
Line plots
Vertical and horizontal bar charts
Scatter charts
Box plot
Summary
Reporting and Output Delivery System Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Reporting and Output Delivery System
Proc Tabulate
Specifying the ODS destination
Formatting ODS files
ODS Excel charts
Summary
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  4. Once Customer Care Team confirms that you will be refunded, you should receive the refund within 10 to 12 working days.
  5. If you are only requesting a refund of one book from a multiple order, then we will refund you the appropriate single item.
  6. Where the items were shipped under a free shipping offer, there will be no shipping costs to refund.

On the off chance your printed book arrives damaged, with book material defect, contact our Customer Relation Team on [email protected] within 14 days of receipt of the book with appropriate evidence of damage and we will work with you to secure a replacement copy, if necessary. Please note that each printed book you order from us is individually made by Packt's professional book-printing partner which is on a print-on-demand basis.

What tax is charged? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Currently, no tax is charged on the purchase of any print book (subject to change based on the laws and regulations). A localized VAT fee is charged only to our European and UK customers on eBooks, Video and subscriptions that they buy. GST is charged to Indian customers for eBooks and video purchases.

What payment methods can I use? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

You can pay with the following card types:

  1. Visa Debit
  2. Visa Credit
  3. MasterCard
  4. PayPal
What is the delivery time and cost of print books? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Shipping Details

USA:

'

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the US within 10-15 business days

Premium: Trackable Delivery to most addresses in the US within 3-8 business days

UK:

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 7-9 business days.
Shipments are not trackable

Premium: Trackable delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 3-4 business days!
Add one extra business day for deliveries to Northern Ireland and Scottish Highlands and islands

EU:

Premium: Trackable delivery to most EU destinations within 4-9 business days.

Australia:

Economy: Can deliver to P. O. Boxes and private residences.
Trackable service with delivery to addresses in Australia only.
Delivery time ranges from 7-9 business days for VIC and 8-10 business days for Interstate metro
Delivery time is up to 15 business days for remote areas of WA, NT & QLD.

Premium: Delivery to addresses in Australia only
Trackable delivery to most P. O. Boxes and private residences in Australia within 4-5 days based on the distance to a destination following dispatch.

India:

Premium: Delivery to most Indian addresses within 5-6 business days

Rest of the World:

Premium: Countries in the American continent: Trackable delivery to most countries within 4-7 business days

Asia:

Premium: Delivery to most Asian addresses within 5-9 business days

Disclaimer:
All orders received before 5 PM U.K time would start printing from the next business day. So the estimated delivery times start from the next day as well. Orders received after 5 PM U.K time (in our internal systems) on a business day or anytime on the weekend will begin printing the second to next business day. For example, an order placed at 11 AM today will begin printing tomorrow, whereas an order placed at 9 PM tonight will begin printing the day after tomorrow.


Unfortunately, due to several restrictions, we are unable to ship to the following countries:

  1. Afghanistan
  2. American Samoa
  3. Belarus
  4. Brunei Darussalam
  5. Central African Republic
  6. The Democratic Republic of Congo
  7. Eritrea
  8. Guinea-bissau
  9. Iran
  10. Lebanon
  11. Libiya Arab Jamahriya
  12. Somalia
  13. Sudan
  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela