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Home > Programming > Programming Language > Learning Scala Programming
Learning Scala Programming
Learning Scala Programming

Learning Scala Programming: Object-oriented programming meets functional reactive to create Scalable and Concurrent programs

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Learning Scala Programming

Building Blocks of Scala

"You can't build a great building on a weak foundation. You must have a solid foundation if you're going to have a strong superstructure."
- Gordon B. Hinckley

Our aim as programmers is to provide a solution to a problem through some logical implementation. Programming languages work as a tool for just that. When we implement a solution to a problem, we must be able to describe the problem (specification) so that a programming language can verify (verification) whether the solution indeed solves the problem.

Problem Solution

For implementation, we use various programming constructs, which are basic entities with some syntactic rules. These entities work as building blocks for any programming language. In Scala, we have similar syntax to almost any other programming language. We use keyword/name/classifier/bound-entity. In this chapter...

What is underneath a Scala program?

A Scala program is a tree of nested definitions. A definition may start with a keyword, definition's name, a classifier, and if it's a concrete definition, then also an entity to which that definition is bound. So the syntax is regular, just like any other programming language has keyword/name/classifier/bound-entity. Let's take an example. We'll use Scala REPL to see how a simple Scala program is built. For that, let's import a Scala package named universe:

scala> import scala.reflect.runtime.universe._ 
import scala.reflect.runtime.universe._

This import clause brings all the definitions within the universe package in scope. It means that the required functions we are going to use are in scope, and available for us to use. Then we'll use a reify method, which returns an Expr to construct tree...

Vals and vars

While writing our Scala programs, we can define our member fields using either val or var keywords. When we use a val keyword to assign a value to any attribute, it becomes a value. We're not allowed to change that value in the course of our program. So a val declaration is used to allow only immutable data binding to an attribute. Let's take an example:

scala> val a = 10
a: Int = 10

Here, we have used a val keyword with an attribute named a, and assigned it a value 10. Furthermore, if we try to change that value, the Scala compiler will give an error saying: reassignment to val:

scala> a = 12
<console>:12: error: reassignment to val
    a = 12

Scala recommends use of val as much as possible to support immutability. But if an attribute's value is going to change in the course of our program, we can use the var declaration:

scala> var b...

Literals

In the previous discussion, we've seen a String literal and an Integer too. Here, we'll discuss all available literals, and how to define them in Scala. If you're coming from a Java background, then quite a few will be the same for you: Integer, Floating point, Boolean, Character, and String are similar. Along with those, the Tuple and Function literals can be treated as something new to learn. All the literals are listed as follows:

  • Integer literals
  • Floating point literals
  • Boolean literals
  • Character literals
  • String literals
  • Symbol literals
  • Tuple literals
  • Function literals

We'll discuss them one by one. Let's start with Integer literals.

Integer literals

Numeric literals can be expressed...

Data types

We have just covered literals in Scala, and with that, we've almost covered the introduction to all the data types existing as well. We discussed how to define Int, Long, Short, and Byte data types. Along with these, we also covered Float and Double type. Together, all these are called numeric data types. The Byte, Short, and Char are called sub-range types. We also talked about Boolean, character, and strings:

Numeric value types

In Java, these numeric types are called Primitive Types, and then there are user-defined types as well. But in Scala, these somewhat similar types to primitives, are called value types. Objects of these value types are not represented by an object in the underlying runtime system. Thus, arithmetic operations performed are in the form of methods defined for Int, and other numeric value types. Think about it, it means that we can...

Type inference

We can call type inference a built-in Scala feature that permits us to omit type information while writing code. This means we don't have to specify the type while declaring any variables; Scala compiler can do it for us:

scala> val treatMeAString = "Invisible"
treatMeAString: String = Invisible

We did not specify our val, to be of String type, but seeing the value of Invisible, Scala compiler was able to infer its type. Also with some constraints, we can also omit the method's return types:

defcheckMeImaString(x: Boolean) = if(x) "True"else "False"

Here we did not give the return type, as Scala compiler was able to infer its type. But for recursive methods, this doesn't work. The famous factorial method expects you to specify the return type if implementation is recursive:

def recursiveFactorial(n: Int) = if(n...

Operators in Scala

Based on the way we use them, the Scala operators can be classified into three types:

  • Infix operators
  • Prefix operators
  • Postfix operators

We use operators to perform some operation on operands, which is obvious, and the way we implement makes them infix, prefix, or postfix. A basic example of an infix operator is addition +:

scala> val x = 1 + 10
x: Int = 11

We have two operands (1 and 10) on which this addition operation is being performed. We've already discussed that operators are methods. It means that somehow the operation is being performed as 1.+(10), and 1 + 10 is just syntactic sugar of how we can write this. This is possible because the method + is defined for the given types. Here, in our case, the addition (+) method is defined for Int. Along with this, there are several versions of overloaded methods that support other numeric value...

Wrapper classes

In Scala, we can create our own universe, apart from the native methods provided, we can add our own implementations, which we call Rich Wrapper classes. This is possible because of Implicit Conversions. First, we'll list out some Wrappers available already:

Rich wrappers

To see how it happens, let's see an example:

scala> val x = 10
x: Int = 10

scala> x.isValidByte
res1: Boolean = true

The preceding expression tries to check if the value of x can be converted into a Byte, and suffices range of a Byte, and finds it to be true:

scala> val x = 260
x: Int = 260

scala> x.isValidByte
res2: Boolean = false

scala> val x = 127
x: Int = 127

scala> x.isValidByte
res3: Boolean = true

As you know, range for a Byte is -128 to 127. If you try to assign it to a value that's out of range of a Byte and expect it to behave like a Byte, it won...

What is underneath a Scala program?

A Scala program is a tree of nested definitions. A definition may start with a keyword, definition's name, a classifier, and if it's a concrete definition, then also an entity to which that definition is bound. So the syntax is regular, just like any other programming language has keyword/name/classifier/bound-entity. Let's take an example. We'll use Scala REPL to see how a simple Scala program is built. For that, let's import a Scala package named universe:

scala> import scala.reflect.runtime.universe._ 
import scala.reflect.runtime.universe._

This import clause brings all the definitions within the universe package in scope. It means that the required functions we are going to use are in scope, and available for us to use. Then we'll use a reify method, which returns an Expr to construct tree out of our simple Scala program expression. We passed a Scala class to our reify method. Let's pretend that a Scala class encapsulates some members like a value...

Vals and vars

While writing our Scala programs, we can define our member fields using either val or var keywords. When we use a val keyword to assign a value to any attribute, it becomes a value. We're not allowed to change that value in the course of our program. So a val declaration is used to allow only immutable data binding to an attribute. Let's take an example:

scala> val a = 10
a: Int = 10

Here, we have used a val keyword with an attribute named a, and assigned it a value 10. Furthermore, if we try to change that value, the Scala compiler will give an error saying: reassignment to val:

scala> a = 12
<console>:12: error: reassignment to val
    a = 12

Scala recommends use of val as much as possible to support immutability. But if an attribute's value is going to change in the course of our program, we can use the var declaration:

scala> var b = 10
b: Int = 10

When we define an attribute using a var keyword, we're allowed to change its value. The var keyword here stands for...

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Key benefits

  • Get a grip on the functional features of the Scala programming language
  • Understand and develop optimal applications using object-oriented and functional Scala constructs
  • Learn reactive principles with Scala and work with the Akka framework

Description

Scala is a general-purpose programming language that supports both functional and object-oriented programming paradigms. Due to its concise design and versatility, Scala's applications have been extended to a wide variety of fields such as data science and cluster computing. You will learn to write highly scalable, concurrent, and testable programs to meet everyday software requirements. We will begin by understanding the language basics, syntax, core data types, literals, variables, and more. From here you will be introduced to data structures with Scala and you will learn to work with higher-order functions. Scala's powerful collections framework will help you get the best out of immutable data structures and utilize them effectively. You will then be introduced to concepts such as pattern matching, case classes, and functional programming features. From here, you will learn to work with Scala's object-oriented features. Going forward, you will learn about asynchronous and reactive programming with Scala, where you will be introduced to the Akka framework. Finally, you will learn the interoperability of Scala and Java. After reading this book, you'll be well versed with this language and its features, and you will be able to write scalable, concurrent, and reactive programs in Scala.

Who is this book for?

This book is for programmers who choose to get a grip over Scala to write concurrent, scalable, and reactive programs. No prior experience with any programming language is required to learn the concepts explained in this book. Knowledge of any programming language would help the reader understanding concepts faster though.

What you will learn

  • Get to know the reasons for choosing Scala: its use and the advantages it provides over other languages
  • Bring together functional and object-oriented programming constructs to make a manageable application
  • Master basic to advanced Scala constructs
  • Test your applications using advanced testing methodologies such as TDD
  • Select preferred language constructs from the wide variety of constructs provided by Scala
  • Make the transition from the object-oriented paradigm to the functional programming paradigm
  • Write clean, concise, and powerful code with a functional mindset
  • Create concurrent, scalable, and reactive applications utilizing the advantages of Scala
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Publication date : Jan 30, 2018
Length: 426 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781788392822
Category :
Programming
Languages :
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Tools :
Akka

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Category :
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Scala
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Programming Language
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Table of Contents

16 Chapters
Getting Started with Scala Programming Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Getting Started with Scala Programming
Introduction to Scala
Scala advantages
Working with Scala
Running our first program
Summary
Building Blocks of Scala Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Building Blocks of Scala
What is underneath a Scala program?
Vals and vars
Literals
Data types
Type inference
Operators in Scala
Wrapper classes
String Interpolators
Summary
Shaping our Scala Program Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Shaping our Scala Program
Looping
The for expressions
Recursion
Conditional statements
Pattern matching
Summary
Giving Meaning to Programs with Functions Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Giving Meaning to Programs with Functions
Function syntax
Calling a function
Function literals
Evaluation strategies
Partial functions
Summary
Getting Familiar with Scala Collections Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Getting Familiar with Scala Collections
Motivation
Immutable and mutable collections
Hierarchy of collections in Scala
Commonly used collections in Scala
Rich operations performed on collections
Parallel collections in Scala
Converting a Java collection into a Scala collection
Choosing a collection
Collection performance
Summary
Object-Oriented Scala Basics Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Object-Oriented Scala Basics
Classes
Abstract classes
Objects as singletons
Companion objects
Case classes
Summary
Next Steps in Object-Oriented Scala Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Next Steps in Object-Oriented Scala
Composition and inheritance
Class inheritance
Default and parameterized constructors
Traits
Traits as mix-ins
Linearization
Packaging and importing
Visibility rules
Sealed traits
Summary
More on Functions Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
More on Functions
Function literals
Methods
Functions versus methods
What are closures?
Higher-order functions
Currying
Partially applied functions
Summary
Using Powerful Functional Constructs Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Using Powerful Functional Constructs
For expressions
Pattern matching
Different ways we can pattern match
Option type
Lazy declaration
Tail call optimization
Combinators
Type parameterization
Summary
Advanced Functional Programming Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Advanced Functional Programming
Why so serious about types?
Here comes type parameterization
Another way around - generic classes and traits
Type parameter names
Container types
Type erasure
Variance under inheritance
Abstract types
Type bounds
Abstract versus parameterized types
Type-classes
Summary
Working with Implicits and Exceptions Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Working with Implicits and Exceptions
Exception handling – the old way
Using the Option way
Either left or right
Implicits - what and why
Implicit parameters
The implicitly method
Implicit conversions
Looking for implicits
Type-classes ahead!
Summary
Introduction to Akka Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Introduction to Akka
Why do we care about Akka?
What's up with the Actor Model?
Understanding the Actor system
Props
Actor references and paths
Selecting existing actorRefs via actorSelection
How the Actor life cycle works
Hello world in Akka
Writing our first Actor
The tell versus ask versus forward method
Stopping Actors
The preStart and postStop hooks
Actor communication via messages and its semantics
Supervising fault in our actors
OneForOne versus AllForOne strategy
Default supervision strategy
Applying the supervision strategy
Testing actors
Summary
Concurrent Programming in Scala Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Concurrent Programming in Scala
Concurrent programming
Building blocks of concurrency
Asynchronous programming
Parallel collections
Summary
Programming with Reactive Extensions Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Programming with Reactive Extensions
Reactive programming
Reactive extensions
React to RxScala
Summary
Testing in Scala Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Testing in Scala
The why and what of TDD
ScalaTest
ScalaMock – a native library to mock objects
Summary
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Customer reviews

Rating distribution
Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 2
(3 Ratings)
5 star 0%
4 star 33.3%
3 star 0%
2 star 0%
1 star 66.7%
Zachary McDaniel Apr 08, 2018
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon 4
It's a good book to get a a nice overview of the language but doesn't go very deep into the detail. However it's an easy read and if you just want a sort of crash course in the features of Scala then it works well for that.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Madhav Jan 22, 2019
Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 1
This book is a pain in the neck to read and understand. Why? Let me give you a very simple example. The author uses inheritance and abstract classes / traits on page 140 and defines them on page 158 and 169. Why on earth would we be subject to such cruelty? Again.. The author uses the Option type with Failure, Success and Try on page 144 and defines them on page 234- Wow!!! (though it doesn't take long to figure out what these keywords mean). These are some of the numerous instances in the book where concepts are used way ahead of time and defined much later.Also, this book mentions in the preface that no programming experience is necessary. However, you will be crucified if you haven't worked with a single programming language in your life. Moreover, it's good to have some knowledge of Scala (see the awesome Udemy course entitled Rock the JVM) before reading this book. If you do take that course on Udemy, I am sure you will either go straight to Scala docs or read the comprehensive Scala bible (Programming in Scala) by Martin Odersky to advance your knowledge.@Everyone, please stay away from this mess.
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Grant Sep 08, 2021
Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 1
This book is so poorly written, it is nearly impossible to understand.
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About the author

Profile icon Sharma
Sharma
Tushar Sharma has a master's degree specializing in data science from the International Institute of Information Technology, Bangalore. He works as a data scientist with Intel. In his previous job he used to work as a research engineer for a financial consultancy firm. His work involves handling big data at scale generated by the massive infrastructure at Intel. He engineers and delivers end to end solutions on this data using the latest machine learning tools and frameworks. He is proficient in R, Python, Spark, and mathematical aspects of machine learning among other things. Tushar has a keen interest in everything related to technology. He likes to read a wide array of books ranging from history to philosophy and beyond. He is a running enthusiast and likes to play badminton and tennis.
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Australia:

Economy: Can deliver to P. O. Boxes and private residences.
Trackable service with delivery to addresses in Australia only.
Delivery time ranges from 7-9 business days for VIC and 8-10 business days for Interstate metro
Delivery time is up to 15 business days for remote areas of WA, NT & QLD.

Premium: Delivery to addresses in Australia only
Trackable delivery to most P. O. Boxes and private residences in Australia within 4-5 days based on the distance to a destination following dispatch.

India:

Premium: Delivery to most Indian addresses within 5-6 business days

Rest of the World:

Premium: Countries in the American continent: Trackable delivery to most countries within 4-7 business days

Asia:

Premium: Delivery to most Asian addresses within 5-9 business days

Disclaimer:
All orders received before 5 PM U.K time would start printing from the next business day. So the estimated delivery times start from the next day as well. Orders received after 5 PM U.K time (in our internal systems) on a business day or anytime on the weekend will begin printing the second to next business day. For example, an order placed at 11 AM today will begin printing tomorrow, whereas an order placed at 9 PM tonight will begin printing the day after tomorrow.


Unfortunately, due to several restrictions, we are unable to ship to the following countries:

  1. Afghanistan
  2. American Samoa
  3. Belarus
  4. Brunei Darussalam
  5. Central African Republic
  6. The Democratic Republic of Congo
  7. Eritrea
  8. Guinea-bissau
  9. Iran
  10. Lebanon
  11. Libiya Arab Jamahriya
  12. Somalia
  13. Sudan
  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela
What is custom duty/charge? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customs duty are charges levied on goods when they cross international borders. It is a tax that is imposed on imported goods. These duties are charged by special authorities and bodies created by local governments and are meant to protect local industries, economies, and businesses.

Do I have to pay customs charges for the print book order? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

The orders shipped to the countries that are listed under EU27 will not bear custom charges. They are paid by Packt as part of the order.

List of EU27 countries: www.gov.uk/eu-eea:

A custom duty or localized taxes may be applicable on the shipment and would be charged by the recipient country outside of the EU27 which should be paid by the customer and these duties are not included in the shipping charges been charged on the order.

How do I know my custom duty charges? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

The amount of duty payable varies greatly depending on the imported goods, the country of origin and several other factors like the total invoice amount or dimensions like weight, and other such criteria applicable in your country.

For example:

  • If you live in Mexico, and the declared value of your ordered items is over $ 50, for you to receive a package, you will have to pay additional import tax of 19% which will be $ 9.50 to the courier service.
  • Whereas if you live in Turkey, and the declared value of your ordered items is over € 22, for you to receive a package, you will have to pay additional import tax of 18% which will be € 3.96 to the courier service.
How can I cancel my order? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Cancellation Policy for Published Printed Books:

You can cancel any order within 1 hour of placing the order. Simply contact [email protected] with your order details or payment transaction id. If your order has already started the shipment process, we will do our best to stop it. However, if it is already on the way to you then when you receive it, you can contact us at [email protected] using the returns and refund process.

Please understand that Packt Publishing cannot provide refunds or cancel any order except for the cases described in our Return Policy (i.e. Packt Publishing agrees to replace your printed book because it arrives damaged or material defect in book), Packt Publishing will not accept returns.

What is your returns and refunds policy? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Return Policy:

We want you to be happy with your purchase from Packtpub.com. We will not hassle you with returning print books to us. If the print book you receive from us is incorrect, damaged, doesn't work or is unacceptably late, please contact Customer Relations Team on [email protected] with the order number and issue details as explained below:

  1. If you ordered (eBook, Video or Print Book) incorrectly or accidentally, please contact Customer Relations Team on [email protected] within one hour of placing the order and we will replace/refund you the item cost.
  2. Sadly, if your eBook or Video file is faulty or a fault occurs during the eBook or Video being made available to you, i.e. during download then you should contact Customer Relations Team within 14 days of purchase on [email protected] who will be able to resolve this issue for you.
  3. You will have a choice of replacement or refund of the problem items.(damaged, defective or incorrect)
  4. Once Customer Care Team confirms that you will be refunded, you should receive the refund within 10 to 12 working days.
  5. If you are only requesting a refund of one book from a multiple order, then we will refund you the appropriate single item.
  6. Where the items were shipped under a free shipping offer, there will be no shipping costs to refund.

On the off chance your printed book arrives damaged, with book material defect, contact our Customer Relation Team on [email protected] within 14 days of receipt of the book with appropriate evidence of damage and we will work with you to secure a replacement copy, if necessary. Please note that each printed book you order from us is individually made by Packt's professional book-printing partner which is on a print-on-demand basis.

What tax is charged? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Currently, no tax is charged on the purchase of any print book (subject to change based on the laws and regulations). A localized VAT fee is charged only to our European and UK customers on eBooks, Video and subscriptions that they buy. GST is charged to Indian customers for eBooks and video purchases.

What payment methods can I use? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

You can pay with the following card types:

  1. Visa Debit
  2. Visa Credit
  3. MasterCard
  4. PayPal
What is the delivery time and cost of print books? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Shipping Details

USA:

'

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the US within 10-15 business days

Premium: Trackable Delivery to most addresses in the US within 3-8 business days

UK:

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 7-9 business days.
Shipments are not trackable

Premium: Trackable delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 3-4 business days!
Add one extra business day for deliveries to Northern Ireland and Scottish Highlands and islands

EU:

Premium: Trackable delivery to most EU destinations within 4-9 business days.

Australia:

Economy: Can deliver to P. O. Boxes and private residences.
Trackable service with delivery to addresses in Australia only.
Delivery time ranges from 7-9 business days for VIC and 8-10 business days for Interstate metro
Delivery time is up to 15 business days for remote areas of WA, NT & QLD.

Premium: Delivery to addresses in Australia only
Trackable delivery to most P. O. Boxes and private residences in Australia within 4-5 days based on the distance to a destination following dispatch.

India:

Premium: Delivery to most Indian addresses within 5-6 business days

Rest of the World:

Premium: Countries in the American continent: Trackable delivery to most countries within 4-7 business days

Asia:

Premium: Delivery to most Asian addresses within 5-9 business days

Disclaimer:
All orders received before 5 PM U.K time would start printing from the next business day. So the estimated delivery times start from the next day as well. Orders received after 5 PM U.K time (in our internal systems) on a business day or anytime on the weekend will begin printing the second to next business day. For example, an order placed at 11 AM today will begin printing tomorrow, whereas an order placed at 9 PM tonight will begin printing the day after tomorrow.


Unfortunately, due to several restrictions, we are unable to ship to the following countries:

  1. Afghanistan
  2. American Samoa
  3. Belarus
  4. Brunei Darussalam
  5. Central African Republic
  6. The Democratic Republic of Congo
  7. Eritrea
  8. Guinea-bissau
  9. Iran
  10. Lebanon
  11. Libiya Arab Jamahriya
  12. Somalia
  13. Sudan
  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela