Summary

• Files are opened using the built-in open() function which accepts a file mode to control read/write/append behaviour and whether the file is to be treated as raw binary or encoded text data.
• For text data you should specify a text encoding.
• Text files deal with string objects and perform universal newline translation and string encoding.
• Binary files deal with bytes objects with no newline translation or encoding.
• When writing files, it's your responsibility to provide newline characters for line breaks.
• Files should always be closed after use.
• Files provide various line-oriented methods for reading, and are also iterators which yield line by line.
• Files are context managers and the with-statement can be used with context managers to ensure that clean up operations, such as closing files, are performed.
• The notion of file-like objects is loosely defined, but very...