The yellow paper

The Ethereum yellow paper has been written by Dr. Gavin Wood and serves as a formal definition of the Ethereum protocol. Anyone can implement an Ethereum client by following the protocol specifications defined in the paper. This paper can be somewhat difficult to read, especially for the readers who do not have a background in algebra or mathematics and are not familiar with mathematical notations.

The list of all symbols with their meanings used in the paper is provided here with the anticipation that it will make reading the paper easier. Once symbol meanings are known, it becomes quite easy to understand and appreciate the concepts and specifications described in the yellow paper.

Useful symbols

Symbol	Meaning	Symbol	Meaning
≡	Is defined as	≤	Less than or equal to
=	Is equal to		Sigma, World state
≠	Is not equal to		Mu, Machine state
║...║	Length of		Upsilon, Ethereum state transition function
	Is an element of		Block level state transition...