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Home > Cloud & Networking > Cloud Computing > Mastering PowerCLI
Mastering PowerCLI
Mastering PowerCLI

Mastering PowerCLI: Master PowerCLI to automate all aspects of VMware environments

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Mastering PowerCLI

Chapter 2. Reusable Advanced Functions and Scripts

In the first chapter, we revisited PowerShell and PowerCLI basics. Then, we discussed how we could use the GitHub version to control our work and collaborate with others to work on the same project. We also learned how to use Pester to do unit testing on our work. In this chapter, we are going to cover advanced functions and their implementations in PowerShell. Specifically, we are going to talk about the following topics:

  • Specifying function attributes
  • Specifying parameter attributes
  • Using parameter validation attributes
  • Using dynamic parameters
  • PowerShell help files
  • Creating comment-based help
  • Error handling in PowerShell

Before we start discussing advanced functions, let's take a look at normal functions. If you type Get-Help About_Functions in PowerShell, you can get the details of functions. The description says a function is a list of Windows PowerShell statements that has a name that you can assign. When you run a function...

Specifying function attributes

In case of advanced functions, we use Cmdlet bindings to control the feature or function of the function itself. With this, we define how the function works or behaves.

Addition of the [CmdletBinding()]line allows you to define these controls in an advanced function. Note that with the use of CmdletBinding(), we get the $PSCmdlet automatic variable, but the $Args variable is not available in these functions.

In advanced functions, with the CmdletBinding attribute, unknown parameters and positional arguments that do not have any matching positional parameters results in parameter binding to fail.

Let's examine the available options with the CmdletBinding() attribute and their meaning:

<#
     Comment Based Help
#>
function <function_name> {

[CmdletBinding(ConfirmImpact=<String>,
                     DefaultParameterSetName=<String>,
                     HelpURI=<URI>,
                     SupportsPaging=<Boolean>,
   ...

Specifying parameter attributes

In this section, we will discuss the parameter attributes and how to set them. The attributes falling under this category define the different attributes of the parameter itself. Let's take a closer look at the most useful and common options available to define parameter attributes and their uses:

  • Mandatory argument: This argument indicates that this particular parameter is compulsory, otherwise it is optional. For example, if I am writing a function to connect to a vCenter server and doing some work and I want the vCenter name to be provided at runtime, then the following code makes sure that the cmdlet call will fail without the $VCName parameter:
    Param (
  [parameter(Mandatory=$true)]
  [String]$VCName
)
  • Position argument: We define the positional argument to specify which value will be assigned to which parameter by the position of the values at runtime, without the need to specify the parameter name. PowerShell will understand which parameter the value...

Using parameter validation attributes

Attributes falling under this category define the attributes that we can use to validate the value of a parameter/variable itself. The following is a list of the most commonly used parameters:

  • AllowNull / AllowEmptyString: This attribute allows a mandatory parameter to accept a NULL value or empty string. Check the following example. When this attribute is not set, the function does not allow us to give an empty string as an input to the $VCName parameter, as it is a mandatory input. When we comment out the AllowEmptyString parameter, it throws an error:
    Function Get-VC{
    [cmdletbinding()]

    Param(
    [Parameter(Mandatory = $true)]
#    [AllowEmptyString()]
    [String]$VCName
    )
    Write-Host "vCenter Name: $VCName"
}
    Using parameter validation attributes

    Notice that, when this attribute is set, the function allows us to give an empty string as the input to the $VCName parameter:

    Using parameter validation attributes
  • ValidateCount: This attribute specifies the minimum and maximum number of values that a parameter...

Dynamic parameters

All the earlier examples were examples of static parameters. Before the cmdlets of the function are executed, these parameters come into existence and remain available for the entire duration of the scope of the function. Dynamic parameters are those parameters that are defined in such a way that depending on certain conditions only, they come into existence. It may be designed in such a way that a dynamic parameter will come into existence only when another parameter is used in the function or a parameter has a certain value. So, late binding is applied for these types of parameters.

For example, let's discuss the following requirements:

  • We want to create a VM, provided the VM name is given by a user.
  • We have three different environments named Dedicated, Shared, and Cloud where the VM can be created.
  • If any environment is not mentioned by a user, then by default the VM will be created in the shared environment.
  • For a shared and Cloud environment, providing a VM name...

Switch parameters

Switch parameters are parameters without any need to assign any value to them. As the name suggests, they act as a switch. By default, their values are $false. Once these parameters are mentioned in the command line, their values become $true. We can use this switch parameter to perform our checks and run their respective script blocks. The following example is a function that connects to a vCenter server or vCloud Director server based on the input that we provide. As parameter values, we accept ServerName and UserName to connect to the server, Password for the connection, and another parameter that will act as a switch. If we mention –VCServer in the command line, then the Connect-VIServer cmdlets will be executed; if –VCDServer is mentioned, then the Connect-CIServer cmdlets will be executed. So, run the following code snippet:

Function Connect-Server{
[CmdletBinding()]
 Param(
    [Parameter(Mandatory=$true)]
            [string]$ServerName,
         ...

Specifying function attributes

In case of advanced functions, we use Cmdlet bindings to control the feature or function of the function itself. With this, we define how the function works or behaves.

Addition of the [CmdletBinding()]line allows you to define these controls in an advanced function. Note that with the use of CmdletBinding(), we get the $PSCmdlet automatic variable, but the $Args variable is not available in these functions.

In advanced functions, with the CmdletBinding attribute, unknown parameters and positional arguments that do not have any matching positional parameters results in parameter binding to fail.

Let's examine the available options with the CmdletBinding() attribute and their meaning:

<#
     Comment Based Help
#>
function <function_name> {

[CmdletBinding(ConfirmImpact=<String>,
                     DefaultParameterSetName=<String>,
                     HelpURI=<URI>,
                     SupportsPaging=<Boolean>,
          ...

Specifying parameter attributes

In this section, we will discuss the parameter attributes and how to set them. The attributes falling under this category define the different attributes of the parameter itself. Let's take a closer look at the most useful and common options available to define parameter attributes and their uses:

  • Mandatory argument: This argument indicates that this particular parameter is compulsory, otherwise it is optional. For example, if I am writing a function to connect to a vCenter server and doing some work and I want the vCenter name to be provided at runtime, then the following code makes sure that the cmdlet call will fail without the $VCName parameter:

    Param (
  [parameter(Mandatory=$true)]
  [String]$VCName
)

  • Position argument: We define the positional argument to specify which value will be assigned to which parameter by the position of the values at runtime, without the need to specify the parameter name. PowerShell will understand which parameter the value...

Using parameter validation attributes

Attributes falling under this category define the attributes that we can use to validate the value of a parameter/variable itself. The following is a list of the most commonly used parameters:

  • AllowNull / AllowEmptyString: This attribute allows a mandatory parameter to accept a NULL value or empty string. Check the following example. When this attribute is not set, the function does not allow us to give an empty string as an input to the $VCName parameter, as it is a mandatory input. When we comment out the AllowEmptyString parameter, it throws an error:

    Function Get-VC{
    [cmdletbinding()]

    Param(
    [Parameter(Mandatory = $true)]
#    [AllowEmptyString()]
    [String]$VCName
    )
    Write-Host "vCenter Name: $VCName"
}

    Notice that, when this attribute is set, the function allows us to give an empty string as the input to the $VCName parameter:

  • ValidateCount: This attribute specifies the minimum and maximum number of values that a parameter accepts...

Dynamic parameters

All the earlier examples were examples of static parameters. Before the cmdlets of the function are executed, these parameters come into existence and remain available for the entire duration of the scope of the function. Dynamic parameters are those parameters that are defined in such a way that depending on certain conditions only, they come into existence. It may be designed in such a way that a dynamic parameter will come into existence only when another parameter is used in the function or a parameter has a certain value. So, late binding is applied for these types of parameters.

For example, let's discuss the following requirements:

  • We want to create a VM, provided the VM name is given by a user.

  • We have three different environments named Dedicated, Shared, and Cloud where the VM can be created.

  • If any environment is not mentioned by a user, then by default the VM will be created in the shared environment.

  • For a shared and Cloud environment, providing a VM name would...

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Page 1 of 10

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Key benefits

  • • Leverage PowerCLI to perform administration tasks in a more effective and efficient way
  • • Escape from daily tedious and repetitive tasks by unleashing the full potential of your creative side through scripting
  • • Master the intricate workings of PowerShell and PowerCLI through easy and real-life examples

Description

Have you ever wished that every morning you could automatically get a report with all the relevant information about your datacenter in exactly the same format you want? Or whether you could automate that boring, exhausting task? What if some crucial task needs to be performed on a regular basis without any error? PowerCLI scripts do all that and much more for VMware environments. It is built on top of the popular Windows PowerShell, with which you can automate server tasks and reduce manual input, allowing you to focus on more important tasks. This book will help you to achieve your goals by starting with a short refresher on PowerShell and PowerCLI and then covering the nuances of advanced functions and reusable scripts. Next you will learn how to build a vSphere-powered virtualized datacenter using PowerCLI while managing different aspects of the environment including automated installation, network, and storage. You will then manage different logical constructs of vSphere environment and different aspects of a virtual machine. Later, you will implement the best practices for a security implementation in vSphere Environment through PowerCLI before discovering how to manage other VMware environments such as SRM, vCloud Director and vCloud Air through PowerCLI. You will also learn to manage vSphere environments using advanced properties by accessing vSphere API and REST APIs through PowerCLI. Finally, you will build a Windows GUI application using PowerShell followed by a couple of sample scripts for reporting and managing vSphere environments with detailed explanations of the scripts. By the end of the book, you will have the required in-depth knowledge to master the art of PowerCLI scripting.

Who is this book for?

If you are a system administrator with working knowledge of PowerShell and PowerCLI who wants to perform quick and easy scripting but at the same time achieve complex results and write production grade scripts, then this book is for you.

What you will learn

  • • Use GitHub for collaboration and Pester to automate unit tests
  • • Write advanced reusable functions and dynamic variables and learn about error handling in PowerShell
  • • Automate ESXi host installation using Auto-Deploy, host profile, and host image
  • • Implement security best practices in a vSphere data center
  • • Manage SRM, vCloud Air, and vRealize Operations environments
  • • Access and utilize vSphere APIs to manage advanced aspects of vSphere and work with .NET view objects
  • • Utilize REST APIs to manage vRealize Automation environments
  • • Create a Windows GUI through the use of PowerShell and Sapien PrimalForms CE
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Publication date : Oct 16, 2015
Length: 430 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781785286858
Vendor :
Microsoft
Category :
Cloud & Networking
Languages :
PowerShell
Concepts :
Cloud Computing
Tools :
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Product Details

Publication date : Oct 16, 2015
Length: 430 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781785286858
Vendor :
Microsoft
Category :
Cloud & Networking
Languages :
PowerShell
Concepts :
Cloud Computing
Tools :
PowerCLI

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Table of Contents

13 Chapters
1. PowerShell and PowerCLI Refresher Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
1. PowerShell and PowerCLI Refresher
The essence of PowerShell and PowerCLI
Implementing programming constructs in PowerShell
Automation through PowerShell scripts
Running and scheduling scripts
Using version control with GitHub
Testing your scripts using Pester
Connecting to a vCenter and other VMware environments using PowerCLI cmdlets
Summary
2. Reusable Advanced Functions and Scripts Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
2. Reusable Advanced Functions and Scripts
Specifying function attributes
Specifying parameter attributes
Using parameter validation attributes
Dynamic parameters
Switch parameters
PowerShell help files
Creating comment-based help
Error handling in PowerShell
Summary
3. Deploying vSphere Hosts Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
3. Deploying vSphere Hosts
Image Builder with PowerCLI
Using host profiles
Configuring Auto Deploy for ESXi hosts
Adding hosts to a vCenter server
Summary
4. Managing Networks Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
4. Managing Networks
Managing vSphere standard switches
Managing networking for ESXi
Managing vSphere distributed switches
Managing port groups
Creating private VLANs
Configuring vSphere network I/O control
Configuring Netflow
Working with ports
Summary
5. Managing Storage Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
5. Managing Storage
Managing datastores
Configuring Fibre Channel storage
Configuring iSCSI storage
Configuring NFS storage
Configuring virtual SAN
Using datastore clusters
Using Raw Device Mapping
Managing storage using storage policy-based management
Applying VMFS resignaturing
Configuring vFLASH using PowerCLI Extensions
Summary
6. Managing Clusters and Other Constructs Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
6. Managing Clusters and Other Constructs
Configuring vCenter logical constructs
Configuring the Enhanced vMotion Compatibility mode
Configuring High Availability
Using Dynamic Resource Scheduling
Using the DRS affinity and anti-affinity rules
Managing resource pools
Managing alarms
Summary
7. Managing Virtual Machines Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
7. Managing Virtual Machines
Creating virtual machines
Modifying virtual machines
Managing templates
Managing OS customization specifications
Managing the guest OS
Managing vApps
Summary
8. Managing vSphere Security, SRM, vCloud Air, and vROps Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
8. Managing vSphere Security, SRM, vCloud Air, and vROps
The vSphere Security Hardening Guide
Managing vSphere Update Manager
Configuring a firewall and services in an ESXi host
Managing host profiles
Managing vCenter Site Recovery Manager
Managing vCloud Air
Managing vRealize Operations Manager
Summary
9. Managing the vSphere API Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
9. Managing the vSphere API
Using the Get-View cmdlet to return .NET View objects
Using the ExtensionData property to return .NET View objects
Using the vSphere API
Creating a vSphere scheduled task
Configuring Distributed Power Management
Configuring Fault Tolerance
Managing Content Libraries
Managing SRM advanced configurations
Generating PowerCLI code using Onyx
PowerActions for vSphere Web Client
Summary
10. Using REST APIs Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
10. Using REST APIs
Introducing REST APIs
Introducing JSON
The Invoke-RestMethod cmdlet
vRealize Automation REST APIs
Authenticating and getting a vRA token
Managing tenants
Managing machines
Managing approvals
Managing provisioned resources
Managing network profiles
Summary
11. Creating Windows GUI Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
11. Creating Windows GUI
Different ways to create a Windows GUI
Building a GUI using Windows Forms
Using SAPIEN PowerShell Studio
Building GUI using WPF
Summary
12. Best Practices and Sample Scripts Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
12. Best Practices and Sample Scripts
Best practices
Security Hardening Script
Capacity check report
Using a proper editor
Summary
Index Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Index

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Customer reviews

Rating distribution
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
(2 Ratings)
5 star 100%
4 star 0%
3 star 0%
2 star 0%
1 star 0%
Amazon Customer Dec 07, 2015
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
The book is useful for every VMware administrator having daily hands on of various VMware solutions.The book covers right mix of content across the VMware solutions to automate them.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Andru Dec 01, 2015
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Very good read and highly recommended. It does require a decent base knowledge of .NET objects and Powershell, but the author does a great job breaking the numerous tasks in the book down into a way that that is easily understandable. Debanth touches various tasks ranging from simply connecting to a vCenter Server as well as using REST APIs. Very dynamic range of information.There were a few typos that the publishers were made aware of and they put in the effort to respond and verify that they would be correcting them. The main one was dealing with comparison operators and their syntax.Overall definitely recommended if you require PowerCLI on a regular basis for your occupation or for fun!
Amazon Verified review Amazon

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About the author

Profile icon Sajal Debnath
Sajal Debnath
Sajal Debnath is a highly certified Cloud computing technocrat with more than 12 years of experience in virtualized data center design, Cloud computing, and BC/DR solutions. He is an EMCISA, VCAP-DCD/DCA, VCAP-CID/CIA, RHCE 4/5/6, RHCVA, Openstack, and ITIL certified person. He is presently associated with VMware Software India Pvt. Ltd. as a senior system engineer. Previously, he worked with France Telecom, Hewlett Packard, and many more in multiple roles. He is involved in prestigious Indian government projects, such as National Cloud, Digital Locker, and so on.
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Delivery time is up to 15 business days for remote areas of WA, NT & QLD.

Premium: Delivery to addresses in Australia only
Trackable delivery to most P. O. Boxes and private residences in Australia within 4-5 days based on the distance to a destination following dispatch.

India:

Premium: Delivery to most Indian addresses within 5-6 business days

Rest of the World:

Premium: Countries in the American continent: Trackable delivery to most countries within 4-7 business days

Asia:

Premium: Delivery to most Asian addresses within 5-9 business days

Disclaimer:
All orders received before 5 PM U.K time would start printing from the next business day. So the estimated delivery times start from the next day as well. Orders received after 5 PM U.K time (in our internal systems) on a business day or anytime on the weekend will begin printing the second to next business day. For example, an order placed at 11 AM today will begin printing tomorrow, whereas an order placed at 9 PM tonight will begin printing the day after tomorrow.


Unfortunately, due to several restrictions, we are unable to ship to the following countries:

  1. Afghanistan
  2. American Samoa
  3. Belarus
  4. Brunei Darussalam
  5. Central African Republic
  6. The Democratic Republic of Congo
  7. Eritrea
  8. Guinea-bissau
  9. Iran
  10. Lebanon
  11. Libiya Arab Jamahriya
  12. Somalia
  13. Sudan
  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela
What is custom duty/charge? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customs duty are charges levied on goods when they cross international borders. It is a tax that is imposed on imported goods. These duties are charged by special authorities and bodies created by local governments and are meant to protect local industries, economies, and businesses.

Do I have to pay customs charges for the print book order? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

The orders shipped to the countries that are listed under EU27 will not bear custom charges. They are paid by Packt as part of the order.

List of EU27 countries: www.gov.uk/eu-eea:

A custom duty or localized taxes may be applicable on the shipment and would be charged by the recipient country outside of the EU27 which should be paid by the customer and these duties are not included in the shipping charges been charged on the order.

How do I know my custom duty charges? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

The amount of duty payable varies greatly depending on the imported goods, the country of origin and several other factors like the total invoice amount or dimensions like weight, and other such criteria applicable in your country.

For example:

  • If you live in Mexico, and the declared value of your ordered items is over $ 50, for you to receive a package, you will have to pay additional import tax of 19% which will be $ 9.50 to the courier service.
  • Whereas if you live in Turkey, and the declared value of your ordered items is over € 22, for you to receive a package, you will have to pay additional import tax of 18% which will be € 3.96 to the courier service.
How can I cancel my order? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Cancellation Policy for Published Printed Books:

You can cancel any order within 1 hour of placing the order. Simply contact [email protected] with your order details or payment transaction id. If your order has already started the shipment process, we will do our best to stop it. However, if it is already on the way to you then when you receive it, you can contact us at [email protected] using the returns and refund process.

Please understand that Packt Publishing cannot provide refunds or cancel any order except for the cases described in our Return Policy (i.e. Packt Publishing agrees to replace your printed book because it arrives damaged or material defect in book), Packt Publishing will not accept returns.

What is your returns and refunds policy? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Return Policy:

We want you to be happy with your purchase from Packtpub.com. We will not hassle you with returning print books to us. If the print book you receive from us is incorrect, damaged, doesn't work or is unacceptably late, please contact Customer Relations Team on [email protected] with the order number and issue details as explained below:

  1. If you ordered (eBook, Video or Print Book) incorrectly or accidentally, please contact Customer Relations Team on [email protected] within one hour of placing the order and we will replace/refund you the item cost.
  2. Sadly, if your eBook or Video file is faulty or a fault occurs during the eBook or Video being made available to you, i.e. during download then you should contact Customer Relations Team within 14 days of purchase on [email protected] who will be able to resolve this issue for you.
  3. You will have a choice of replacement or refund of the problem items.(damaged, defective or incorrect)
  4. Once Customer Care Team confirms that you will be refunded, you should receive the refund within 10 to 12 working days.
  5. If you are only requesting a refund of one book from a multiple order, then we will refund you the appropriate single item.
  6. Where the items were shipped under a free shipping offer, there will be no shipping costs to refund.

On the off chance your printed book arrives damaged, with book material defect, contact our Customer Relation Team on [email protected] within 14 days of receipt of the book with appropriate evidence of damage and we will work with you to secure a replacement copy, if necessary. Please note that each printed book you order from us is individually made by Packt's professional book-printing partner which is on a print-on-demand basis.

What tax is charged? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Currently, no tax is charged on the purchase of any print book (subject to change based on the laws and regulations). A localized VAT fee is charged only to our European and UK customers on eBooks, Video and subscriptions that they buy. GST is charged to Indian customers for eBooks and video purchases.

What payment methods can I use? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

You can pay with the following card types:

  1. Visa Debit
  2. Visa Credit
  3. MasterCard
  4. PayPal
What is the delivery time and cost of print books? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Shipping Details

USA:

'

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the US within 10-15 business days

Premium: Trackable Delivery to most addresses in the US within 3-8 business days

UK:

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 7-9 business days.
Shipments are not trackable

Premium: Trackable delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 3-4 business days!
Add one extra business day for deliveries to Northern Ireland and Scottish Highlands and islands

EU:

Premium: Trackable delivery to most EU destinations within 4-9 business days.

Australia:

Economy: Can deliver to P. O. Boxes and private residences.
Trackable service with delivery to addresses in Australia only.
Delivery time ranges from 7-9 business days for VIC and 8-10 business days for Interstate metro
Delivery time is up to 15 business days for remote areas of WA, NT & QLD.

Premium: Delivery to addresses in Australia only
Trackable delivery to most P. O. Boxes and private residences in Australia within 4-5 days based on the distance to a destination following dispatch.

India:

Premium: Delivery to most Indian addresses within 5-6 business days

Rest of the World:

Premium: Countries in the American continent: Trackable delivery to most countries within 4-7 business days

Asia:

Premium: Delivery to most Asian addresses within 5-9 business days

Disclaimer:
All orders received before 5 PM U.K time would start printing from the next business day. So the estimated delivery times start from the next day as well. Orders received after 5 PM U.K time (in our internal systems) on a business day or anytime on the weekend will begin printing the second to next business day. For example, an order placed at 11 AM today will begin printing tomorrow, whereas an order placed at 9 PM tonight will begin printing the day after tomorrow.


Unfortunately, due to several restrictions, we are unable to ship to the following countries:

  1. Afghanistan
  2. American Samoa
  3. Belarus
  4. Brunei Darussalam
  5. Central African Republic
  6. The Democratic Republic of Congo
  7. Eritrea
  8. Guinea-bissau
  9. Iran
  10. Lebanon
  11. Libiya Arab Jamahriya
  12. Somalia
  13. Sudan
  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela