Search icon CANCEL
Subscription
0
Cart icon
Your Cart (0 item)
Close icon
You have no products in your basket yet
Arrow left icon
Explore Products
Best Sellers
New Releases
Books
Videos
Audiobooks
Learning Hub
Free Learning
Arrow right icon
Mastering Concurrency Programming with Java 8
Mastering Concurrency Programming with Java 8

Mastering Concurrency Programming with Java 8: Master the principles and techniques of multithreaded programming with the Java 8 Concurrency API

Arrow left icon
Profile Icon Javier Fernández González
Arrow right icon
€45.99
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 3 (4 Ratings)
Paperback Feb 2016 430 pages 1st Edition
eBook
€24.99 €36.99
Paperback
€45.99
Subscription
Free Trial
Renews at €18.99p/m
Arrow left icon
Profile Icon Javier Fernández González
Arrow right icon
€45.99
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 3 (4 Ratings)
Paperback Feb 2016 430 pages 1st Edition
eBook
€24.99 €36.99
Paperback
€45.99
Subscription
Free Trial
Renews at €18.99p/m
eBook
€24.99 €36.99
Paperback
€45.99
Subscription
Free Trial
Renews at €18.99p/m

What do you get with Print?

Product feature icon Instant access to your digital eBook copy whilst your Print order is Shipped
Product feature icon Paperback book shipped to your preferred address
Product feature icon Download this book in EPUB and PDF formats
Product feature icon Access this title in our online reader with advanced features
Product feature icon DRM FREE - Read whenever, wherever and however you want
OR
Modal Close icon
Payment Processing...
tick Completed

Shipping Address

Billing Address

Shipping Methods
Table of content icon View table of contents Preview book icon Preview Book

Mastering Concurrency Programming with Java 8

Chapter 2. Managing Lots of Threads – Executors

When you implement a simple concurrent application, you create and execute a thread per concurrent task. This approach can have some important issues. Since Java version 5, the Java concurrency API includes the executor framework to improve the performance of concurrent applications with a lot of concurrent tasks. In this chapter, we will cover the following:

  • An introduction to executors
  • The first example – the k-nearest neighbors algorithm
  • The second example – concurrency in a client/server environment

An introduction to executors

The basic mechanism to implement a concurrent application in Java is:

  • A class that implements the Runnable interface: This is the code you want to implement in a concurrent way
  • An instance of the Thread class: This is the thread that is going to execute the code in a concurrent way

With this approach, you're responsible for creating and manning the Thread objects and implementing the mechanisms of synchronization between the threads. However, it can have some problems, especially with those applications with a lot of concurrent tasks. If you create too many threads, you can degrade the performance of your application or even hang the entire system.

Java 5 included the executor framework, to solve these problems and provide an efficient solution, which would be easier for the programmers to use than the traditional concurrency mechanisms.

In this chapter, we will introduce the basic characteristics of the executor framework by implementing the following two...

First example – the k-nearest neighbors algorithm

The k-nearest neighbors algorithm is a simple machine-learning algorithm used for supervised classification. The main components of this algorithm are:

  • A train dataset: This dataset is formed by instances with one or more attributes that define every instance and a special attribute that determines the example or label of the instance
  • A distance metric: This metric is used to determine the distance (or similarity) between the instances of the train dataset and the new instances you want to classify
  • A test dataset: This dataset is used to measure the behavior of the algorithm

When it has to classify an instance, it calculates the distance against this instance and all the instances of the train dataset. Then, it takes the k-nearest instances and looks at the tag of those instances. The tag with the most instances is the tag assigned to the input instance.

In this chapter, we are going to work with the Bank Marketing dataset of the UCI Machine...

The second example – concurrency in a client/server environment

The client/server model is a software architecture in which applications are split into two parts: the server part that provides resources (data, operations, printer, storage, and so on) and the client part that uses the resources provided by the server. Traditionally, this architecture was used in the enterprise world, but with the boom of the Internet, it is still an actual topic. You can see a web application as a client/server application where the server part is the backend part of the application that is executed in a web server and the web navigator executes the client part of the application. SOA (short for Service-Oriented Architecture) is an other example of client/server architecture where the web services exposed are the server part and the different clients that consume them are the client part.

In a client/server environment, we usually have one server and a lot of clients that use the services provided...

Comparing the two solutions

Now it's time to test the serial and concurrent servers and see which has a better performance. We have automatized the tests implementing four classes that make queries to the servers. These classes are:

  • SerialClient: This implements a possible client of the serial server. It makes nine requests using the query message and a query using the report message. It repeats the process 10 times, so it request 90 queries and 10 reports.
  • MultipleSerialClients: This class simulates the existence of several clients at the same time. For this, we create a thread per SerialClient and execute them at the same time to see the performance of the server. We have tested from one to five concurrent clients.
  • ConcurrentClient: It is analogue to the SerialClient class, but it calls the concurrent server instead of the serial one.
  • MultipleConcurrentClients: It is analogue to the MultipleSerialClients class, but it calls the concurrent server instead of the serial one.

To test the...

Other methods of interest

Throughout the pages of this chapter, we have used some classes of the Java concurrency API to implement basic functionalities of the executor framework. These classes also have other interesting methods. In this section, we collate some of them.

The Executors class provides other methods to create ThreadPoolExecutor objects. These methods are:

  • newCachedThreadPool(): This method creates a ThreadPoolExecutor object that reuses a worker-thread if it's idle, but it creates a new one if it's necessary. There is no maximum number of worker-threads.
  • newSingleThreadExecutor(): This method creates a ThreadPoolExecutor object that uses only a single worker-thread. The tasks you send to the executor are stored in a queue until the worker-thread can execute them.
  • The CountDownLatch class provides the following additional methods:
    • await(long timeout, TimeUnit unit): It waits till the internal counter arrives to zero of pass the time specified in the parameters. If the...

An introduction to executors


The basic mechanism to implement a concurrent application in Java is:

  • A class that implements the Runnable interface: This is the code you want to implement in a concurrent way

  • An instance of the Thread class: This is the thread that is going to execute the code in a concurrent way

With this approach, you're responsible for creating and manning the Thread objects and implementing the mechanisms of synchronization between the threads. However, it can have some problems, especially with those applications with a lot of concurrent tasks. If you create too many threads, you can degrade the performance of your application or even hang the entire system.

Java 5 included the executor framework, to solve these problems and provide an efficient solution, which would be easier for the programmers to use than the traditional concurrency mechanisms.

In this chapter, we will introduce the basic characteristics of the executor framework by implementing the following two examples...

Left arrow icon Right arrow icon
Download code icon Download Code

Key benefits

  • Implement concurrent applications using the Java 8 Concurrency API and its new components
  • Improve the performance of your applications or process more data at the same time, taking advantage of all of your resources.
  • Construct real-world examples related to machine learning, data mining, image processing, and client/server environments

Description

Concurrency programming allows several large tasks to be divided into smaller sub-tasks, which are further processed as individual tasks that run in parallel. All the sub-tasks are combined together once the required results are achieved; they are then merged to get the final output. The whole process is very complex. This process goes from the design of concurrent algorithms to the testing phase where concurrent applications need extra attention. Java includes a comprehensive API with a lot of ready-to-use components to implement powerful concurrency applications in an easy way, but with a high flexibility to adapt these components to your needs. The book starts with a full description of design principles of concurrent applications and how to parallelize a sequential algorithm. We'll show you how to use all the components of the Java Concurrency API from basics to the most advanced techniques to implement them in powerful concurrency applications in Java. You will be using real-world examples of complex algorithms related to machine learning, data mining, natural language processing, image processing in client / server environments. Next, you will learn how to use the most important components of the Java 8 Concurrency API: the Executor framework to execute multiple tasks in your applications, the phaser class to implement concurrent tasks divided into phases, and the Fork/Join framework to implement concurrent tasks that can be split into smaller problems (using the divide and conquer technique). Toward the end, we will cover the new inclusions in Java 8 API, the Map and Reduce model, and the Map and Collect model. The book will also teach you about the data structures and synchronization utilities to avoid data-race conditions and other critical problems. Finally, the book ends with a detailed description of the tools and techniques that you can use to test a Java concurrent application.

Who is this book for?

If you are a competent Java developer with a good understanding of concurrency but have no knowledge of how to effectively implement concurrent programs or use streams to make processes more efficient, then this book is for you.

What you will learn

  • Design concurrent applications by converting a sequential algorithm into a concurrent one
  • Discover how to avoid all the possible problems you can get in concurrent algorithms
  • Use the Executor framework to manage concurrent tasks without creating threads
  • Extend and modify Executors to adapt their behavior to your needs
  • Solve problems using the divide and conquer technique and the Fork/Join framework
  • Process massive data sets with parallel streams and Map/Reduce implementation
  • Control data-race conditions using concurrent data structures and synchronization mechanisms
  • Test and monitor concurrent applications
Estimated delivery fee Deliver to Latvia

Premium delivery 7 - 10 business days

€25.95
(Includes tracking information)

Product Details

Country selected
Publication date, Length, Edition, Language, ISBN-13
Publication date : Feb 29, 2016
Length: 430 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781785886126
Vendor :
Oracle
Category :
Languages :
Concepts :

What do you get with Print?

Product feature icon Instant access to your digital eBook copy whilst your Print order is Shipped
Product feature icon Paperback book shipped to your preferred address
Product feature icon Download this book in EPUB and PDF formats
Product feature icon Access this title in our online reader with advanced features
Product feature icon DRM FREE - Read whenever, wherever and however you want
OR
Modal Close icon
Payment Processing...
tick Completed

Shipping Address

Billing Address

Shipping Methods
Estimated delivery fee Deliver to Latvia

Premium delivery 7 - 10 business days

€25.95
(Includes tracking information)

Product Details

Publication date : Feb 29, 2016
Length: 430 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781785886126
Vendor :
Oracle
Category :
Languages :
Concepts :

Packt Subscriptions

See our plans and pricing
Modal Close icon
€18.99 billed monthly
Feature tick icon Unlimited access to Packt's library of 7,000+ practical books and videos
Feature tick icon Constantly refreshed with 50+ new titles a month
Feature tick icon Exclusive Early access to books as they're written
Feature tick icon Solve problems while you work with advanced search and reference features
Feature tick icon Offline reading on the mobile app
Feature tick icon Simple pricing, no contract
€189.99 billed annually
Feature tick icon Unlimited access to Packt's library of 7,000+ practical books and videos
Feature tick icon Constantly refreshed with 50+ new titles a month
Feature tick icon Exclusive Early access to books as they're written
Feature tick icon Solve problems while you work with advanced search and reference features
Feature tick icon Offline reading on the mobile app
Feature tick icon Choose a DRM-free eBook or Video every month to keep
Feature tick icon PLUS own as many other DRM-free eBooks or Videos as you like for just €5 each
Feature tick icon Exclusive print discounts
€264.99 billed in 18 months
Feature tick icon Unlimited access to Packt's library of 7,000+ practical books and videos
Feature tick icon Constantly refreshed with 50+ new titles a month
Feature tick icon Exclusive Early access to books as they're written
Feature tick icon Solve problems while you work with advanced search and reference features
Feature tick icon Offline reading on the mobile app
Feature tick icon Choose a DRM-free eBook or Video every month to keep
Feature tick icon PLUS own as many other DRM-free eBooks or Videos as you like for just €5 each
Feature tick icon Exclusive print discounts

Frequently bought together


Stars icon
Total 128.97
Learning Java Functional Programming
€45.99
Mastering Concurrency Programming with Java 8
€45.99
Learning Reactive Programming With Java 8
€36.99
Total 128.97 Stars icon
Banner background image

Table of Contents

12 Chapters
1. The First Step – Concurrency Design Principles Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
2. Managing Lots of Threads – Executors Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
3. Getting the Maximum from Executors Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
4. Getting Data from the Tasks – The Callable and Future Interfaces Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
5. Running Tasks Divided into Phases – The Phaser Class Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
6. Optimizing Divide and Conquer Solutions – The Fork/Join Framework Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
7. Processing Massive Datasets with Parallel Streams – The Map and Reduce Model Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
8. Processing Massive Datasets with Parallel Streams – The Map and Collect Model Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
9. Diving into Concurrent Data Structures and Synchronization Utilities Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
10. Integration of Fragments and Implementation of Alternatives Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
11. Testing and Monitoring Concurrent Applications Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Index Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customer reviews

Rating distribution
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 3
(4 Ratings)
5 star 25%
4 star 25%
3 star 0%
2 star 25%
1 star 25%
Paulo S. Jan 24, 2017
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Very good book with some complex examples. Better than show just simple and unreal sample code.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Fernando Sánchez Nov 20, 2016
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon 4
El contenido del libro es muy bueno. Quizás los ejemplos son de un nivel demasiado alto. La complejidad de los mismos a veces perjudica a la claridad de la explicación de los conceptos de concurrencia.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Obaid Salikeen Feb 24, 2017
Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 2
There are a ton of code examples to understand apis however for understanding some basic concurrency concepts you might need to browse internet since this book touches more on apis/code (my opinion), the material could have been more engaging meaning I really had to make an effort to continue reading,,
Amazon Verified review Amazon
David Durham Sep 16, 2016
Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 1
The codes samples are overly complicated with too much focus on example usage algorithms rather than the concurrency features of java8.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Get free access to Packt library with over 7500+ books and video courses for 7 days!
Start Free Trial

FAQs

What is the delivery time and cost of print book? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Shipping Details

USA:

'

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the US within 10-15 business days

Premium: Trackable Delivery to most addresses in the US within 3-8 business days

UK:

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 7-9 business days.
Shipments are not trackable

Premium: Trackable delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 3-4 business days!
Add one extra business day for deliveries to Northern Ireland and Scottish Highlands and islands

EU:

Premium: Trackable delivery to most EU destinations within 4-9 business days.

Australia:

Economy: Can deliver to P. O. Boxes and private residences.
Trackable service with delivery to addresses in Australia only.
Delivery time ranges from 7-9 business days for VIC and 8-10 business days for Interstate metro
Delivery time is up to 15 business days for remote areas of WA, NT & QLD.

Premium: Delivery to addresses in Australia only
Trackable delivery to most P. O. Boxes and private residences in Australia within 4-5 days based on the distance to a destination following dispatch.

India:

Premium: Delivery to most Indian addresses within 5-6 business days

Rest of the World:

Premium: Countries in the American continent: Trackable delivery to most countries within 4-7 business days

Asia:

Premium: Delivery to most Asian addresses within 5-9 business days

Disclaimer:
All orders received before 5 PM U.K time would start printing from the next business day. So the estimated delivery times start from the next day as well. Orders received after 5 PM U.K time (in our internal systems) on a business day or anytime on the weekend will begin printing the second to next business day. For example, an order placed at 11 AM today will begin printing tomorrow, whereas an order placed at 9 PM tonight will begin printing the day after tomorrow.


Unfortunately, due to several restrictions, we are unable to ship to the following countries:

  1. Afghanistan
  2. American Samoa
  3. Belarus
  4. Brunei Darussalam
  5. Central African Republic
  6. The Democratic Republic of Congo
  7. Eritrea
  8. Guinea-bissau
  9. Iran
  10. Lebanon
  11. Libiya Arab Jamahriya
  12. Somalia
  13. Sudan
  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela
What is custom duty/charge? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customs duty are charges levied on goods when they cross international borders. It is a tax that is imposed on imported goods. These duties are charged by special authorities and bodies created by local governments and are meant to protect local industries, economies, and businesses.

Do I have to pay customs charges for the print book order? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

The orders shipped to the countries that are listed under EU27 will not bear custom charges. They are paid by Packt as part of the order.

List of EU27 countries: www.gov.uk/eu-eea:

A custom duty or localized taxes may be applicable on the shipment and would be charged by the recipient country outside of the EU27 which should be paid by the customer and these duties are not included in the shipping charges been charged on the order.

How do I know my custom duty charges? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

The amount of duty payable varies greatly depending on the imported goods, the country of origin and several other factors like the total invoice amount or dimensions like weight, and other such criteria applicable in your country.

For example:

  • If you live in Mexico, and the declared value of your ordered items is over $ 50, for you to receive a package, you will have to pay additional import tax of 19% which will be $ 9.50 to the courier service.
  • Whereas if you live in Turkey, and the declared value of your ordered items is over € 22, for you to receive a package, you will have to pay additional import tax of 18% which will be € 3.96 to the courier service.
How can I cancel my order? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Cancellation Policy for Published Printed Books:

You can cancel any order within 1 hour of placing the order. Simply contact [email protected] with your order details or payment transaction id. If your order has already started the shipment process, we will do our best to stop it. However, if it is already on the way to you then when you receive it, you can contact us at [email protected] using the returns and refund process.

Please understand that Packt Publishing cannot provide refunds or cancel any order except for the cases described in our Return Policy (i.e. Packt Publishing agrees to replace your printed book because it arrives damaged or material defect in book), Packt Publishing will not accept returns.

What is your returns and refunds policy? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Return Policy:

We want you to be happy with your purchase from Packtpub.com. We will not hassle you with returning print books to us. If the print book you receive from us is incorrect, damaged, doesn't work or is unacceptably late, please contact Customer Relations Team on [email protected] with the order number and issue details as explained below:

  1. If you ordered (eBook, Video or Print Book) incorrectly or accidentally, please contact Customer Relations Team on [email protected] within one hour of placing the order and we will replace/refund you the item cost.
  2. Sadly, if your eBook or Video file is faulty or a fault occurs during the eBook or Video being made available to you, i.e. during download then you should contact Customer Relations Team within 14 days of purchase on [email protected] who will be able to resolve this issue for you.
  3. You will have a choice of replacement or refund of the problem items.(damaged, defective or incorrect)
  4. Once Customer Care Team confirms that you will be refunded, you should receive the refund within 10 to 12 working days.
  5. If you are only requesting a refund of one book from a multiple order, then we will refund you the appropriate single item.
  6. Where the items were shipped under a free shipping offer, there will be no shipping costs to refund.

On the off chance your printed book arrives damaged, with book material defect, contact our Customer Relation Team on [email protected] within 14 days of receipt of the book with appropriate evidence of damage and we will work with you to secure a replacement copy, if necessary. Please note that each printed book you order from us is individually made by Packt's professional book-printing partner which is on a print-on-demand basis.

What tax is charged? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Currently, no tax is charged on the purchase of any print book (subject to change based on the laws and regulations). A localized VAT fee is charged only to our European and UK customers on eBooks, Video and subscriptions that they buy. GST is charged to Indian customers for eBooks and video purchases.

What payment methods can I use? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

You can pay with the following card types:

  1. Visa Debit
  2. Visa Credit
  3. MasterCard
  4. PayPal
What is the delivery time and cost of print books? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Shipping Details

USA:

'

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the US within 10-15 business days

Premium: Trackable Delivery to most addresses in the US within 3-8 business days

UK:

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 7-9 business days.
Shipments are not trackable

Premium: Trackable delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 3-4 business days!
Add one extra business day for deliveries to Northern Ireland and Scottish Highlands and islands

EU:

Premium: Trackable delivery to most EU destinations within 4-9 business days.

Australia:

Economy: Can deliver to P. O. Boxes and private residences.
Trackable service with delivery to addresses in Australia only.
Delivery time ranges from 7-9 business days for VIC and 8-10 business days for Interstate metro
Delivery time is up to 15 business days for remote areas of WA, NT & QLD.

Premium: Delivery to addresses in Australia only
Trackable delivery to most P. O. Boxes and private residences in Australia within 4-5 days based on the distance to a destination following dispatch.

India:

Premium: Delivery to most Indian addresses within 5-6 business days

Rest of the World:

Premium: Countries in the American continent: Trackable delivery to most countries within 4-7 business days

Asia:

Premium: Delivery to most Asian addresses within 5-9 business days

Disclaimer:
All orders received before 5 PM U.K time would start printing from the next business day. So the estimated delivery times start from the next day as well. Orders received after 5 PM U.K time (in our internal systems) on a business day or anytime on the weekend will begin printing the second to next business day. For example, an order placed at 11 AM today will begin printing tomorrow, whereas an order placed at 9 PM tonight will begin printing the day after tomorrow.


Unfortunately, due to several restrictions, we are unable to ship to the following countries:

  1. Afghanistan
  2. American Samoa
  3. Belarus
  4. Brunei Darussalam
  5. Central African Republic
  6. The Democratic Republic of Congo
  7. Eritrea
  8. Guinea-bissau
  9. Iran
  10. Lebanon
  11. Libiya Arab Jamahriya
  12. Somalia
  13. Sudan
  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela