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Mastering  Node.js
Mastering  Node.js

Mastering Node.js: Build robust and scalable real-time server-side web applications efficiently , Second Edition

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Profile Icon Sandro Pasquali Profile Icon Kevin Faaborg
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Profile Icon Sandro Pasquali Profile Icon Kevin Faaborg
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Paperback Dec 2017 498 pages 2nd Edition
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Mastering Node.js

Understanding Asynchronous Event-Driven Programming

"The best way to predict the future is to invent it."
– Alan Kay

Eliminating blocking processes through the use of event-driven, asynchronous I/O is Node's primary organizational principle. We've learned how this design helps developers in shaping information and adding capacity. Node lets you build and organize lightweight, independent, and share-nothing processes that communicate through callbacks and synchronize with a predictable event loop.

Accompanying the growth in the popularity of Node is a growth in the number of well-designed event-driven systems and applications. For a new technology to be successful, it must eliminate the existing problems, and/or offer to consumers a better solution at a lower cost in terms of time, effort, or price. In its young and fertile lifespan, the Node community...

Node's unique design

First, let's take an accurate look at the total time cost when your program asks the system to perform different kinds of services. I/O is expensive. In the following chart (taken from Ryan Dahl's original presentation on Node), we can see how many clock cycles typical system tasks consume. The relative cost of I/O operations is striking:

L1 cache
3 cycles
L2 cache 14 cycles
RAM
250 cycles
Disk 41,000,000 cycles
Network 240,000,000 cycles

The reasons are clear enough: a disk is a physical device, a spinning metal platter — storing and retrieving that data is much slower than moving data between solid-state devices (such as microprocessors and memory chips), or indeed optimized on-chip L1/L2 caches. Similarly, data does not move from point to point on a network instantaneously. Light itself needs 0...

Understanding the event loop

The following three points are important to remember, as we break down the event loop:

  • The event loop runs in the same (single) thread your JavaScript code runs in. Blocking the event loop means blocking the entire thread.
  • You don't start and/or stop the event loop. The event loop starts as soon as a process starts, and ends when no further callbacks remain to be performed. The event loop may, therefore, run forever.
  • The event loop delegates many I/O operations to libuv, which manages these operations (using the power of the OS itself, such as thread pools), notifying the event loop when results are available. An easy-to-reason-about single-threaded programming model is reinforced with the efficiency of multithreading.

For example, the following while loop will never terminate:

let stop = false;
setTimeout(() => {
stop = true;
}, 1000);

while...

Listening for events

Modern network software, for various reasons, is growing in complexity and, in many ways, changing how we think about application development. Most new platforms and languages are attempting to address these changes. Node is no exception — and JavaScript is no exception.

Learning about Node means learning about event-driven programming, composing software out of modules, creating and linking data streams, and producing and consuming events and their related data. Node-based architectures are often composed of many small processes and/or services communicating with events — internally, by extending the EventEmitter interface and using callbacks, and externally, over one of several common transport layers (for example, HTTP, TCP), or through a thin messaging layer covering one of these transport layers (for example, 0MQ, Redis PUBSUB, and Kafka...

Timers

Timers are used to schedule events in the future. They are used when one seeks to delay the execution of some block of code until a specified number of milliseconds have passed, to schedule periodic execution of a particular function, and so on.

JavaScript provides two asynchronous timers: setInterval() and setTimeout(). It is assumed that the reader is fully aware of how to set (and cancel) these timers, so very little time will be spent discussing the syntax. We'll instead focus more on gotchas and less well-known details about timeouts and intervals.

The key takeaway will be this: when using timers, one should make no assumptions about the amount of actual time that will expire before the callback registered for this timer fires, or about the ordering of callbacks. Node timers are not interrupts. Timers simply promise to execute as close as possible to the specified...

Concurrency and errors

Members of the Node community develop new packages and projects every day. Because of Node's evented nature, callbacks permeate these codebases. We've considered several of the key ways in which events might be queued, dispatched, and handled through the use of callbacks. Let's spend a little time outlining the best practices, in particular, about conventions for designing callbacks and handling errors, and discuss some useful patterns when designing complex chains of events and callbacks. In particular, let's look at the new Promise, Generator, and async/await patterns that you will see in this book, and other examples of modern Node code.

Managing concurrency

Simplifying control...

Building a Twitter feed using file events

Let's apply what we've learned. The goal is to create a server that a client can connect to and receive updates from Twitter. We will first create a process to query Twitter for any messages with the hashtag #nodejs, and write any found messages to a tweets.txt file in 140-byte chunks. We will then create a network server that broadcasts these messages to a single client. Those broadcasts will be triggered by write events on the tweets.txt file. Whenever a write occurs, 140-byte chunks are asynchronously read from the last-known client read pointer. This will happen until we reach the end of the file, broadcasting as we go. Finally, we will create a simple client.html page, which asks for, receives, and displays these messages.

While this example is certainly contrived, it demonstrates:

  • Listening to the filesystem for changes...

Summary

Programming with events is not always easy. The control and context switches, defining the paradigm, often confound those new to evented systems. This seemingly reckless loss of control and the resulting complexity drives many developers away from these ideas. Students in introductory programming courses normally develop a mindset in which program flow can be dictated, where a program whose execution flow does not proceed sequentially from A to B can bend understanding.

By examining the evolution of the architectural problems, Node is now attempting to solve for network applications—in terms of scaling and code organization, in general terms of data and complexity volume, in terms of state awareness, and in terms of well-defined data and process boundaries. We learned how managing these event queues can be done intelligently. We saw how different event sources...

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Key benefits

  • Packed with practical examples and explanations, Mastering Node.js contains everything you need to take your applications to the next level.
  • Unleash the full potential of Node.js 9 to build real-time and scalable applications.
  • Gain in-depth knowledge of asynchronous programming, event loops, and parallel data processing.
  • Explore Node's innovative event-non-blocking design, and build professional applications with the help of detailed examples.

Description

Node.js, a modern development environment that enables developers to write server- and client-side code with JavaScript, thus becoming a popular choice among developers. This book covers the features of Node that are especially helpful to developers creating highly concurrent real-time applications. It takes you on a tour of Node's innovative event non-blocking design, showing you how to build professional applications. This edition has been updated to cover the latest features of Node 9 and ES6. All code examples and demo applications have been completely rewritten using the latest techniques, introducing Promises, functional programming, async/await, and other cutting-edge patterns for writing JavaScript code. Learn how to use microservices to simplify the design and composition of distributed systems. From building serverless cloud functions to native C++ plugins, from chatbots to massively scalable SMS-driven applications, you'll be prepared for building the next generation of distributed software. By the end of this book, you'll be building better Node applications more quickly, with less code and more power, and know how to run them at scale in production environments.

Who is this book for?

This book is targeted at JavaScript developers who want to take an in-depth look at the latest Node.js framework to create faster, scalable, real-time backend applications. Basic JavaScript programming knowledge—and also some previous Node.js development experience—are mandatory to get the best out of this book

What you will learn

  • Build an Electron desktop app using Node that manages a filesystem
  • Explore Streams and understand how they apply to building networked services
  • Develop and deploy an SMS-driven customer service application
  • Use WebSockets for rapid bi-directional communication
  • Construct serverless applications with Amazon Lambda
  • Test and debug with headless browsers, CPU profiling, Mocha, Sinon, and more
  • Scale applications vertically and horizontally across multiple cores and web services
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Table of Contents

12 Chapters
Understanding the Node Environment Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Understanding Asynchronous Event-Driven Programming Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Streaming Data Across Nodes and Clients Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Using Node to Access the Filesystem Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Managing Many Simultaneous Client Connections Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Creating Real-Time Applications Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Using Multiple Processes Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Scaling Your Application Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Microservices Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Testing Your Application Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Organizing Your Work into Modules Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Creating Your Own C++ Add-ons Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customer reviews

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Rating distribution
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Half star icon Empty star icon 3.6
(9 Ratings)
5 star 33.3%
4 star 33.3%
3 star 11.1%
2 star 0%
1 star 22.2%
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Darrel O'Pry Feb 01, 2018
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
This in depth book on Node.js 9.x provides a takes a deep dive into the history, internals, use cases, and API's of Node.KS. More importantly, the updated edition adds insight into the new features of 9.x such as async/await, gives an excellent overview of micro-services architecture, walks through working with Kubernetes locally to speed up development and prepare for production deployments, and takes a run at debugging and testing. This is a great read for new Node.JS developers, and experienced developers looking to get up to speed with Node 9.x and current best practices.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Cheung Wai Lok Oct 10, 2018
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
It seems to be the best nodejs book i have ever discovered
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poplinr Feb 01, 2018
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
I remember buying the first edition of this book back in 2013 when I didn’t know what the hell I was doing the software world. Reading through a few chapters of this second edition, I was impressed at the level of details, concepts and the fact that this book continues to focus on mastering the core platform that is Node.js before moving into higher level concepts on top of the platform.I will also note that this Packt title is written damn well and flows properly which is a requirement for my expectations at this point.
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Arthur Jose Germano Apr 09, 2018
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon 4
This is a great book, full of what I think is the edge of Node coding and way of think.The only two things that is not great is this book are:- First: It doesn't go all the way with examples. I had to download the code. But I think when you are following a way of thinking it's best to show you all the way, not just part of it. Because if I am lost I can turn back and start over. Which was not possible in several examples.- Second: The use of paid examples. I don't have accounts in amazon, twillio, or digital ocean, which makes the examples provided hard to follow. As I said previosly in the first point, I would prefer to follow it all through.But that is just my opinion. Besides that, I recommend it very much. Very rich and the autor show his incredible mastery of Node.If you want to improve your knowlodge in Node... go for it buying it !
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gzelenak36 Dec 16, 2019
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon 4
I liked topic about modules it gave me plus info though other JS articles describe the theme very well.I found this book very useful.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
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