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Building Machine Learning Systems with Python
Building Machine Learning Systems with Python

Building Machine Learning Systems with Python: Explore machine learning and deep learning techniques for building intelligent systems using scikit-learn and TensorFlow , Third Edition

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Building Machine Learning Systems with Python

Classifying with Real-World Examples

The topic of this chapter is classification. In this setting of machine learning, you provide the system with examples of different classes of objects that you are interested in and then ask it to generalize to new examples where the class is not known. This may seem abstract, but you have probably already used this form of machine learning as a consumer, even if you were not aware of it: your email system will likely have the ability to automatically detect spam. That is, the system will analyze all incoming emails and mark them as either spam or not spam. Often, you, the end user, will be able to manually tag emails as spam or not, in order to improve its spam detection ability. This is exactly what we mean by classification: you provide examples of spam and and non-spam emails and then use an automated system to classify incoming emails...

The Iris dataset

The Iris dataset is a classic dataset from the 1930s; it is one of the first modern examples of statistical classification.

The dataset is a collection of morphological measurements of several iris flowers. These measurements will enable us to distinguish multiple species of flower. Today, species are identified by their DNA fingerprints, but in the 1930s, DNA's role in genetics had not yet been discovered.

The following four attributes of each plant were measured:

  • Sepal length
  • Sepal width
  • Petal length
  • Petal width

In general, we call the individual numeric measurements we use to describe our data features. These features can be directly measured or computed from intermediate data.

This dataset has four features. Additionally, for each plant, the species is recorded. The problem we want to solve is: "given these examples, if we see a new flower out...

Evaluation – holding out data and cross-validation

The model discussed in the previous section is a simple model; it achieves 96.0 percent accuracy of the whole data. However, this evaluation is almost certainly overly optimistic. We used the data to define what the tree would look like, and then we used the same data to evaluate the model. Of course, the model will perform well on this dataset as it was optimized to perform well on it. The reasoning is circular.

What we really want to do is estimate the ability of the model to generalize to new instances. We should measure its performance in instances that the algorithm has not seen at training. Therefore, we are going to do a more rigorous evaluation and use held-out data. To do this, we are going to break up the data into two groups: in one group, we'll train the model, and in the other, we'll test the one...

How to measure and compare classifiers

How do we decide which classifier is best? Rarely do we find the perfect solution, the model that never makes any mistakes, so we need to decide which one to use. We used accuracy before, but sometimes it will be better to optimize so that the model makes fewer errors of a specific kind. For example, in spam filtering, it may be worse to delete a good email than to erroneously let a bad email through. In that case, we may want to choose a model that is conservative in throwing out emails rather than the one that just makes the fewest mistakes overall. We can discuss these issues in terms of gain (which we want to maximize) or loss (which we want to minimize). They are equivalent, but sometimes one is more convenient than the other and you will read articles discussing minimizing the loss or maximizing the gain.

In a medical setting, false...

A more complex dataset and the nearest-neighbor classifier

We will now look at a slightly more complex dataset. This will include the introduction of a new classification algorithm and a few other ideas.

Learning about the seeds dataset

We now look at another agricultural dataset, which is still small, but already too large to plot exhaustively on a page as we did with the Iris dataset. This dataset consists of measurements of wheat seeds. There are seven features that are present, which are as follows:

  • Area A
  • Perimeter P
  • Compactness C = 4πA/P²
  • Length of kernel
  • Width of kernel
  • Asymmetry coefficient
  • Length of kernel groove

There are three classes corresponding to three wheat varieties: Canadian, Koma, and Rosa...

Which classifier to use

So far, we have looked at two classical classifiers, namely the decision tree and the nearest neighbor classifier. Scikit-learn supports many more, but it does not support everything that has ever been proposed in academic literature. Thus, one may be left wondering: which one should I use? Is it even important to learn about all of them?

In many cases, knowledge of your dataset may help you decide which classifier has a structure that best matches your problem. However, there is a very good study by Manuel Fernández-Delgado and his colleagues titled, Do we Need Hundreds of Classifiers to Solve Real World Classification Problems? This is a very readable, very practically-oriented study, where the authors conclude that there is actually one classifier which is very likely to be the best (or close to the best) for a majority of problems, namely random...

Summary

Classification means generalizing from examples to build a model that assigns objects to a predefined class (that is, a rule that can automatically be applied to new, unclassified objects). It is one of the fundamental tools in machine learning and we will look at many more examples of this in the forthcoming chapters.

In a way, this was a very abstract and theoretical chapter, as we introduced generic concepts with simple examples. We went over a few operations with the Iris dataset. This is a small dataset. However, it has the advantage that we were able to plot all the data and see what we were doing in detail. This is something that will be lost when we move on to problems with many dimensions and many thousands of examples. The insight we gained here will still be valid.

You also learned that the training error is a misleading, over-optimistic estimate of how well...

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Key benefits

  • Use scikit-learn and TensorFlow to train your machine learning models
  • Implement popular supervised and unsupervised machine learning algorithms in Python
  • Discover best practices for building production-grade machine learning systems from scratch

Description

Machine learning enables systems to make predictions based on historical data. Python is one of the most popular languages used to develop machine learning applications, thanks to its extensive library support. This updated third edition of Building Machine Learning Systems with Python helps you get up to speed with the latest trends in artificial intelligence (AI). With this guide’s hands-on approach, you’ll learn to build state-of-the-art machine learning models from scratch. Complete with ready-to-implement code and real-world examples, the book starts by introducing the Python ecosystem for machine learning. You’ll then learn best practices for preparing data for analysis and later gain insights into implementing supervised and unsupervised machine learning techniques such as classification, regression and clustering. As you progress, you’ll understand how to use Python’s scikit-learn and TensorFlow libraries to build production-ready and end-to-end machine learning system models, and then fine-tune them for high performance. By the end of this book, you’ll have the skills you need to confidently train and deploy enterprise-grade machine learning models in Python.

Who is this book for?

This book is for data scientists, machine learning developers, and Python developers who want to learn how to build increasingly complex machine learning systems. Prior knowledge of Python programming is expected.

What you will learn

  • Build a classification system that can be applied to text, images, and sound
  • Solve regression-related problems using scikit-learn and TensorFlow
  • Recommend products to users based on their previous purchases
  • Explore different methods of applying deep neural networks to your data
  • Understand recent advances in computer vision and natural language processing (NLP)
  • Deploy Amazon Web Services (AWS) to run data models on the cloud
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Length: 406 pages
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Language : English
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Table of Contents

16 Chapters
Getting Started with Python Machine Learning Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Classifying with Real-World Examples Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Regression Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Classification I – Detecting Poor Answers Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Dimensionality Reduction Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Clustering – Finding Related Posts Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Recommendations Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Artificial Neural Networks and Deep Learning Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Classification II – Sentiment Analysis Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Topic Modeling Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Classification III – Music Genre Classification Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Computer Vision Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Reinforcement Learning Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Bigger Data Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Where to Learn More About Machine Learning Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Other Books You May Enjoy Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customer reviews

Rating distribution
Full star icon Half star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 1.7
(3 Ratings)
5 star 0%
4 star 0%
3 star 0%
2 star 66.7%
1 star 33.3%
dhoelzer Oct 11, 2019
Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 2
The first chapter or two provides a very nice introduction to the topic... but that rapidly declines. You quickly realize that the examples printed in the book are both incomplete and buggy and that the versions in the Github repository vary very significantly from the discussion in the book. By the time you deal with decision trees (really, the first exercise where you are predicting things), the author simply stops providing examples, simply saying that they are in the repo, and leaving it to the reader to figure them out and try to figure out why they work (or don't work).Additionally, early sections of the book require you to have read later sections of the book, creating a circular dependency in the book itself! Not recommended.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Extell Farve Dec 27, 2021
Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 2
like the title says, these books come through like they dont have an editor behind them and the code segments feel like they were never even tested, and the numerical discrepancies for some statistics despite following the book's directions to a T are frustrating
Amazon Verified review Amazon
PJ Sep 12, 2019
Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 1
I bought the kindle edition and it's been 9 days since I purchased it. I can't even return this book now and it's an absolute pain to read through. Most of the codes work but there are mistakes in some of the codes. I worked through Chapter 3 and I found at least two such cases. Sample codes are provided through github in the form of jupyter notebook and chapter 3 codes don't run as provided. Outputs for that notebook were not included, so I doubt the author even ran it once before publishing the codes. It's not hard to fix the mistakes in the code but the provided codes should work.For kindle edition, yhat is printed as ybar. That's not a big deal but it is misleading if you don't have a background in stats or other related fields.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
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