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Home > Data > Blockchain > Learn Blockchain Programming with JavaScript
Learn Blockchain Programming with JavaScript
Learn Blockchain Programming with JavaScript

Learn Blockchain Programming with JavaScript: Build your very own Blockchain and decentralized network with JavaScript and Node.js

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Learn Blockchain Programming with JavaScript

Building a Blockchain

In the previous chapter, we learned about what a blockchain is and how it functions. In addition, we learned how to set up a project to build our blockchain. In this chapter, you will begin building the blockchain and all of its functionalities. First, let's create the blockchain data structure using a constructor function, and then we'll add a lot of different types of functionalities to our blockchain by adding different methods to its prototype.

We're then going to give the blockchain certain functionalities, such as creating new blocks and transactions, as well as the ability to hash data and blocks. We'll also give it the ability to do a proof of work and many other functionalities that a blockchain should be able to do. We'll then make sure that the blockchain is fully functional by testing the added functionalities as we progress...

Before we get building...

Before we get into building the blockchain, there are two crucial concepts that we need to familiarize ourselves with. These important concepts are as follows:

  • The JavaScript constructor function
  • The prototype object

An explanation of the JavaScript constructor function

Becoming familiar with the constructor function is important as we'll be using it to build our blockchain data structure. By now, you must be wondering what a constructor function is and what it actually does.

A constructor function is simply a function that creates an object class and allows you to easily create multiple instances of that particular class. What this actually means is that the constructor function allows you...

Blockchain constructor function

Let's get started with building our blockchain data structure. We'll start by opening all of the files that we have in our blockchain directory by using the Sublime editor. If you are comfortable using any other editor, you can use that too. Open our entire blockchain directory in whichever editor you prefer.

We'll be building our entire blockchain data structure in the dev/blockchain.js file that we created in Chapter 1, Setting up the Project. Let's build this blockchain data structure by using a constructor function that we learned about in the previous section. So, let's begin:

For the constructor by type the following:

function Blockchain () {
}

For now, the Blockchain () function is not going to take any parameters.

Next, inside of our constructor function, we are going to add the following terms: 

function Blockchain...

Building the createNewBlock method

Let's continue with building our blockchain data structure. After defining our constructor function in the previous section, the next thing that we want to do with our constructor function is to place a method in our Blockchain function. This method that we are going to create will be called createNewBlock. As its name suggests, this method will create a new block for us. Let's follow the below mentioned steps to build the method:

  1. The createNewBlock method will be defined as follows: 
Blockchain.prototype.createNewBlock = function () { 

}
  1. Now we've got this createNewBlock method on our blockchain prototype object. This method will take the three parameters, as highlighted in the following line of code: 
Blockchain.prototype.createNewBlock = function (nonce, previousBlockHash, hash) { 

}

We'll learn in depth about these...

Building the getLastBlock method

Now, the next method that we are going to add to our Blockchain constructor function will be the getLastBlock. This method will simply return the last block in our blockchain to us. Follow the below mentioned steps to build the method:

  1. Go to our dev/blockchain.js file, and after our createNewBlock method, add the following:
Blockchain.prototype.getLastBlock = function () { 

}
  1. Inside of this getLastBlock method, we will type the following highlighted line of code:
Blockchain.prototype.getLastBlock = function () { 
    return this.chain[this.chain.length - 1];

}

The [this.chain.length - 1]; in this preceding code defines the position of the block in the chain, which, in our case, is the previous block, therefore negated by 1. This method is simple and straightforward, and we'll use it in later chapters.

...

Creating the createNewTransaction method

The next method that we are going to add to our blockchain constructor function is called createNewTransaction. This method will create a new transaction for us. Let's follow the below mentioned steps to create the method:

  1. Start building up this method by adding the following line of code after our getLastBlock method:
Blockchain.prototype.createNewTransaction = function () {

}
  1. The function () will take three parameters, such as the following:
Blockchain.prototype.createNewTransaction = function (amount, sender, recipient) {

}

What these three parameters will do is as follows:

  • amount: This parameter will take in the amount of the transaction or how much is being sent in this transaction.
  • sender: This will take in the sender's address.
  • recipient: This will take in the recipient's address.
  1. The next thing that we want...

Hashing the data

The next method that we are going to look at and add into our blockchain data structure is called hashBlock. What this hashBlock method will do is take in a block from our blockchain and hash its data into a fixed length string. This hashed data will appear randomly.

In essence, what we're going to do is pass some blocks of data into this hash method, and in return we'll get a fixed-length string, which will simply be a hash data that is generated from the data that we passed in or from the block that we passed.

To add the hashBlock method to our blockchain data structure, type the following line of code after our createNewTransaction method: 

Blockchain.prototype.hashBlock = function(blockdata) {

}

In our hashBlock method, blockdata will be the input data of our block from which we want to generate the hash.

So, how can we take a block or blocks...

What is a Proof of Work?

The next method that we are going to add to our blockchain data structure is the proofOfWork method. This method is very important and essential to the blockchain technology. It is because of this method that Bitcoin and many other blockchains are so secure.

Now, you must be getting curious about what a Proof of Work (PoW) actually is. Well, if we take a look at our blockchain, every blockchain is pretty much a list of blocks. Every single block has to be created and added to the chain. However, we don't just want any block to be created and added to the chain. We want to make sure that every block that is added to the chain is legitimate, has the correct transactions, and has the correct data inside of it. This is because if it doesn't have the correct transactions or the correct data, then people could fake how much Bitcoin they have and essentially...

Creating a genesis block

One more thing that we would have to add to our blockchain data structure is the genesis block. But what is a genesis block? Well, a genesis block is simply the first block in any blockchain.

To create our genesis block, we are going to use the createNewBlock method inside of the Blockchain() constructor function. Go to the dev/blockchain.js file, and inside of the blockchain constructor function type in the following highlighted lines of code:

function Blockchain () {
    this.chain = [];
    this.pendingTransactions =[];
    this.createNewBlock();         
}

As we observed in the previous section, the createNewBlock method takes in the value of a nonce, a previousBlockHash, and a hash as parameters. Since we're using the createNewBlock method over here to create the genesis block, we are not going to have any of those mentioned parameters. Instead...

Summary

In this chapter, we began by building the constructor function and then moved on to create some amazing methods such as createNewBlock, creatNewTransaction, getLastBlock, and so on. We then learned about the hashing method, SHA256 hashing, and created a method to generate a hash for our block data. We also learned what a proof of work is and how this works. In this chapter, you also got to learn how to test the various methods that we created and check whether they are working as expected. The methods that we have learned about in this chapter will be very useful for us in further chapters when we interact more with the blockchain.

If you want to get more familiar with the blockchain data structure, it is recommended that you open up the test.js file, test all of the methods, try to play around with those, observe how they work together, and have fun with it.

In the next...

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Key benefits

  • Develop bitcoin and blockchain-based cryptocurrencies using JavaScript
  • Create secure and high-performant blockchain networks
  • Build custom APIs and decentralized networks to host blockchain applications

Description

Learn Blockchain Programming with JavaScript begins by giving you a clear understanding of what blockchain technology is. You’ll then set up an environment to build your very own blockchain and you’ll add various functionalities to it. By adding functionalities to your blockchain such as the ability to mine new blocks, create transactions, and secure your blockchain through a proof-of-work you’ll gain an in-depth understanding of how blockchain technology functions. As you make your way through the chapters, you’ll learn how to build an API server to interact with your blockchain and how to host your blockchain on a decentralized network. You’ll also build a consensus algorithm and use it to verify data and keep the entire blockchain network synchronized. In the concluding chapters, you’ll finish building your blockchain prototype and gain a thorough understanding of why blockchain technology is so secure and valuable. By the end of this book, you'll understand how decentralized blockchain networks function and why decentralization is such an important feature for securing a blockchain.

Who is this book for?

Learn Blockchain Programming with JavaScript is for JavaScript developers who wish to learn about blockchain programming or build their own blockchain using JavaScript frameworks.

What you will learn

  • Gain an in-depth understanding of blockchain and the environment setup
  • Create your very own decentralized blockchain network from scratch
  • Build and test the various endpoints necessary to create a decentralized network
  • Learn about proof-of-work and the hashing algorithm used to secure data
  • Mine new blocks, create new transactions, and store the transactions in blocks
  • Explore the consensus algorithm and use it to synchronize the blockchain network
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Publication date, Length, Edition, Language, ISBN-13
Publication date : Nov 30, 2018
Length: 252 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781789618822
Category :
Data
Languages :
JavaScript
Concepts :
Blockchain
Tools :
Blockchain

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Product Details

Publication date : Nov 30, 2018
Length: 252 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781789618822
Category :
Data
Languages :
JavaScript
Concepts :
Blockchain
Tools :
Blockchain

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Table of Contents

9 Chapters
Setting up the Project Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Setting up the Project
What is a blockchain?
What you will learn...
Environment setup
Summary
Building a Blockchain Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Building a Blockchain
Before we get building...
Blockchain constructor function
Building the createNewBlock method
Building the getLastBlock method
Creating the createNewTransaction method
Hashing the data
What is a Proof of Work?
Creating a genesis block
Summary
Accessing the Blockchain through an API Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Accessing the Blockchain through an API
Setting up Express.js
Building the API foundation
Installing Postman and body-parser
Building the /blockchain endpoint
Building the /transaction endpoint
Building the /mine endpoint
Testing the endpoints
Summary
Creating a Decentralized Blockchain Network Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Creating a Decentralized Blockchain Network
Creating multiple nodes
Adding the currentNodeUrl
New endpoints outline
Building the /register-and-broadcast-node endpoint
Building the /register-node endpoint
Building the /register-nodes-bulk endpoint
Testing all of the network endpoints
Summary
Synchronizing the Network Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Synchronizing the Network
Understanding the need to synchronize the network
Refactoring the createNewTransaction method and the /transaction endpoint
Building the /transaction/broadcast endpoint
Refactoring the /transaction endpoint
Testing the transaction endpoints
Updating the mining information
Building the /receive-new-block endpoint
Testing the new and updated /mine endpoints
Summary
Consensus Algorithms Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Consensus Algorithms
What is the consensus algorithm ?
Building the chainIsValid method
Building the /consensus endpoint
Summary
Block Explorer Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Block Explorer
What is a block explorer?
Defining the block explorer endpoints
Building the getBlock method
Building the /block/:blockHash endpoint
Defining the getTransaction method
Building the /transaction/:transactionId endpoint
Building the getAddressData method
Developing the /address/:address endpoint
Adding the block explorer file
Block explorer file explanation
Testing our block explorer
Summary
In conclusion... Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
In conclusion...
A quick review
Areas of improvement
Other Books You May Enjoy Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
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Customer reviews

Rating distribution
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 3
(5 Ratings)
5 star 20%
4 star 40%
3 star 0%
2 star 0%
1 star 40%
Michael Mar 13, 2021
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
There is more than I was expecting to understand and it gently guides you through the making of a blockchain with the full comprehension of what you are doing. There is some error that in my opinion is what makes it even more fun. It can get pretty complicated for a beginner like me but if you are smart enought you will accept the challenge with a smile
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Drusilla Charles Jan 03, 2022
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon 4
I thought the description of how the blockchain works was very good, but if your going to teach someone about the programming aspect of it you need to make sure that your code is correct. So far, I have already found 3 errors in the code that he is showing in the book. What’s also confusing is that the code he has on GitHub is a bit different than what he is showing in the book. It took me over an hour to figure out that it wasn’t my fault it was his. As a programmer this is frustrating. :(
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Konstantin Apr 24, 2019
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon 4
I found this book overall good for getting up to speed on how the blockchain works. The only thing i didnt like about it was it doesn't go into digital signatures and signing transactions. I found that in other books. Apart from that i think its a great intro into beginning to understand how blockchains work. Best way to have a deeper understanding is to get your hands dirty in code. Recommended.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Some Old Sage May 23, 2021
Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 1
Really badly written and outdated javascript for 2021. Please read mastering bitcoin if you want to create a blockchain from scratch.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Colin Jun 26, 2019
Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 1
Spent over an hour going in circles trying to get the promised code examples. Between Pakt Pub and Github, totally confusing and just didn't work. A pity, the book looks to be quite good.
Amazon Verified review Amazon

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Eric Traub currently works as a software engineer in New York City. He has extensive experience working as a teacher and instructing people in a variety of different subjects. He changed his career from teaching to software engineering because of the excitement it brings to him and the passion that he has for it. He is now lucky enough to have the opportunity to combine both of these passions - software engineering and teaching!
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The orders shipped to the countries that are listed under EU27 will not bear custom charges. They are paid by Packt as part of the order.

List of EU27 countries: www.gov.uk/eu-eea:

A custom duty or localized taxes may be applicable on the shipment and would be charged by the recipient country outside of the EU27 which should be paid by the customer and these duties are not included in the shipping charges been charged on the order.

How do I know my custom duty charges? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

The amount of duty payable varies greatly depending on the imported goods, the country of origin and several other factors like the total invoice amount or dimensions like weight, and other such criteria applicable in your country.

For example:

  • If you live in Mexico, and the declared value of your ordered items is over $ 50, for you to receive a package, you will have to pay additional import tax of 19% which will be $ 9.50 to the courier service.
  • Whereas if you live in Turkey, and the declared value of your ordered items is over € 22, for you to receive a package, you will have to pay additional import tax of 18% which will be € 3.96 to the courier service.
How can I cancel my order? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Cancellation Policy for Published Printed Books:

You can cancel any order within 1 hour of placing the order. Simply contact [email protected] with your order details or payment transaction id. If your order has already started the shipment process, we will do our best to stop it. However, if it is already on the way to you then when you receive it, you can contact us at [email protected] using the returns and refund process.

Please understand that Packt Publishing cannot provide refunds or cancel any order except for the cases described in our Return Policy (i.e. Packt Publishing agrees to replace your printed book because it arrives damaged or material defect in book), Packt Publishing will not accept returns.

What is your returns and refunds policy? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Return Policy:

We want you to be happy with your purchase from Packtpub.com. We will not hassle you with returning print books to us. If the print book you receive from us is incorrect, damaged, doesn't work or is unacceptably late, please contact Customer Relations Team on [email protected] with the order number and issue details as explained below:

  1. If you ordered (eBook, Video or Print Book) incorrectly or accidentally, please contact Customer Relations Team on [email protected] within one hour of placing the order and we will replace/refund you the item cost.
  2. Sadly, if your eBook or Video file is faulty or a fault occurs during the eBook or Video being made available to you, i.e. during download then you should contact Customer Relations Team within 14 days of purchase on [email protected] who will be able to resolve this issue for you.
  3. You will have a choice of replacement or refund of the problem items.(damaged, defective or incorrect)
  4. Once Customer Care Team confirms that you will be refunded, you should receive the refund within 10 to 12 working days.
  5. If you are only requesting a refund of one book from a multiple order, then we will refund you the appropriate single item.
  6. Where the items were shipped under a free shipping offer, there will be no shipping costs to refund.

On the off chance your printed book arrives damaged, with book material defect, contact our Customer Relation Team on [email protected] within 14 days of receipt of the book with appropriate evidence of damage and we will work with you to secure a replacement copy, if necessary. Please note that each printed book you order from us is individually made by Packt's professional book-printing partner which is on a print-on-demand basis.

What tax is charged? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Currently, no tax is charged on the purchase of any print book (subject to change based on the laws and regulations). A localized VAT fee is charged only to our European and UK customers on eBooks, Video and subscriptions that they buy. GST is charged to Indian customers for eBooks and video purchases.

What payment methods can I use? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

You can pay with the following card types:

  1. Visa Debit
  2. Visa Credit
  3. MasterCard
  4. PayPal
What is the delivery time and cost of print books? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Shipping Details

USA:

'

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the US within 10-15 business days

Premium: Trackable Delivery to most addresses in the US within 3-8 business days

UK:

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 7-9 business days.
Shipments are not trackable

Premium: Trackable delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 3-4 business days!
Add one extra business day for deliveries to Northern Ireland and Scottish Highlands and islands

EU:

Premium: Trackable delivery to most EU destinations within 4-9 business days.

Australia:

Economy: Can deliver to P. O. Boxes and private residences.
Trackable service with delivery to addresses in Australia only.
Delivery time ranges from 7-9 business days for VIC and 8-10 business days for Interstate metro
Delivery time is up to 15 business days for remote areas of WA, NT & QLD.

Premium: Delivery to addresses in Australia only
Trackable delivery to most P. O. Boxes and private residences in Australia within 4-5 days based on the distance to a destination following dispatch.

India:

Premium: Delivery to most Indian addresses within 5-6 business days

Rest of the World:

Premium: Countries in the American continent: Trackable delivery to most countries within 4-7 business days

Asia:

Premium: Delivery to most Asian addresses within 5-9 business days

Disclaimer:
All orders received before 5 PM U.K time would start printing from the next business day. So the estimated delivery times start from the next day as well. Orders received after 5 PM U.K time (in our internal systems) on a business day or anytime on the weekend will begin printing the second to next business day. For example, an order placed at 11 AM today will begin printing tomorrow, whereas an order placed at 9 PM tonight will begin printing the day after tomorrow.


Unfortunately, due to several restrictions, we are unable to ship to the following countries:

  1. Afghanistan
  2. American Samoa
  3. Belarus
  4. Brunei Darussalam
  5. Central African Republic
  6. The Democratic Republic of Congo
  7. Eritrea
  8. Guinea-bissau
  9. Iran
  10. Lebanon
  11. Libiya Arab Jamahriya
  12. Somalia
  13. Sudan
  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela