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Kali Linux: Wireless Penetration Testing Beginner's Guide, Second Edition
Kali Linux: Wireless Penetration Testing Beginner's Guide, Second Edition

Kali Linux: Wireless Penetration Testing Beginner's Guide, Second Edition: Master wireless testing techniques to survey and attack wireless networks with Kali Linux , Second Edition

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Profile Icon Vivek Ramachandran Profile Icon Cameron Buchanan
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Profile Icon Vivek Ramachandran Profile Icon Cameron Buchanan
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Kali Linux: Wireless Penetration Testing Beginner's Guide, Second Edition

Chapter 2. WLAN and its Inherent Insecurities

 

"The loftier the building, the deeper the foundation must be laid."

 
 --Thomas Kempis

Nothing great can be built on a weak foundation, and in our context, nothing secure can be built on something that is inherently insecure.

WLANs, by design, have certain insecurities that are relatively easy to exploit, for example, by packet spoofing, packet injection, and sniffing (this could even happen from far away). We will explore these flaws in this chapter.

In this chapter, we shall look at the following:

  • Revisiting WLAN frames
  • Different frame types and subtypes
  • Using Wireshark to sniff management, control, and data frames
  • Sniffing data packets for a given wireless network
  • Injecting packets into a given wireless network

Let's get started!

Revisiting WLAN frames

As this book deals with the security aspects of wireless, we will assume that you already have a basic understanding of the protocol and the packet headers. If not, or if it's been some time since you worked on wireless, this would be a good time to revisit this topic again.

Let's now quickly review some basic concepts of WLANs that most of you may already be aware of. In WLANs, communication happens over frames. A frame would have the following header structure:

Revisiting WLAN frames

The Frame Control field itself has a more complex structure:

Revisiting WLAN frames

The Type field defines three types of WLAN frame:

  1. Management frames: Management frames are responsible for maintaining communication between access points and wireless clients. Management frames can have the following subtypes:
    • Authentication
    • Deauthentication
    • Association request
    • Association response
    • Reassociation request
    • Reassociation response
    • Disassociation
    • Beacon
    • Probe request
    • Probe response
  2. Control frames: Control frames are responsible for ensuring...

Time for action – creating a monitor mode interface

Let's now set our wireless adapter into monitor mode.

Follow these instructions to get started:

  1. Boot Kali with your adapter connected. Once you are within the console, enter iwconfig to confirm that your card has been detected and the driver has been loaded properly.
    Time for action – creating a monitor mode interface
  2. Use the ifconfig wlan1 up command to bring the card up (where wlan1 is your adapter). Verify whether the card is up by running ifconfig wlan1. You should see the word UP in the second line of the output as shown in the following screenshot:
    Time for action – creating a monitor mode interface
  3. To put our card into monitor mode, we will use the airmon-ng utility that is available by default on Kali. First run airmon-ng command to verify whether it detects the available cards. You should see the wlan0 interface listed in the output:
    Time for action – creating a monitor mode interface
  4. Now enter airmon-ng start wlan1 command to create a monitor mode interface corresponding to the wlan0 device. This new monitor mode interface will be named mon0. (You can verify if it has been...

Time for action – sniffing wireless packets

Follow the following instructions to begin sniffing packets:

  1. Power up the Access Point Wireless Lab that we configured in Chapter 1, Wireless Lab Setup.
  2. Start Wireshark by typing Wireshark & in the console. Once Wireshark is running, navigate to Capture | Interfaces.
    Time for action – sniffing wireless packets
  3. Select packet capture from the mon0 interface by clicking on the Start button to the right of the mon0 interface as shown in the previous screenshot. Wireshark will begin the capture, and now you should see packets within the Wireshark window.
    Time for action – sniffing wireless packets
  4. These are wireless packets that your wireless adapter is sniffing off the air. In order to view any packet, select it in the top window and the entire packet will be displayed in the middle window.
    Time for action – sniffing wireless packets

    Click on the triangle in front of IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN management frame to expand and view additional information.

Look at the different header fields in the packet and correlate them with the WLAN frame types and sub-types you have learned...

Time for action – viewing management, control, and data frames

Now we will learn how to apply filters in Wireshark to look at Management, Control and Data Frames.

Please follow the below instructions step by step:

  1. To view all the Management frames in the packets being captured, enter the filter wlan.fc.type == 0 into the filter window and click Apply. You can stop the packet capture if you want to prevent the packets from scrolling down too fast.
    Time for action – viewing management, control, and data frames
  2. To view Control Frames, modify the filter expression to read wlan.fc.type == 1.
    Time for action – viewing management, control, and data frames
  3. To view data frames, modify the filter expression to wlan.fc.type == 2.
    Time for action – viewing management, control, and data frames
  4. To additionally select a sub-type, use the wlan.fc.subtype filter. For example, to view all the Beacon frames among all Management frames, use the following filter:
    (wlan.fc.type == 0) && (wlan.fc.subtype == 8).
    Time for action – viewing management, control, and data frames
  5. Alternately, you can right-click on any of the header fields in the middle window and then select Apply as Filter | Selected to add it as a filter.
    Time for action – viewing management, control, and data frames
  6. This will automatically add the...

Time for action – sniffing data packets for our network

In this exercise, we will learn how to sniff data packets for a given wireless network. For the sake of simplicity, we will look at packets without any encryption.

Follow these instructions to get started:

  1. Switch on the access point we named Wireless Lab. Let it remain configured to use no encryption.
  2. We will first need to find the channel on which the Wireless Lab access point is running. To do this, open a terminal and run airodump-ng --bssid <mac> mon0 where <mac>, which is the MAC address of our access point. Let the program run, and shortly you should see your access point shown on the screen along with the channel it is running on.
  3. We can see from the preceding screenshot that our access point Wireless Lab is running on Channel 11. Note that this may be different for your access point.

    In order to sniff data packets going to and fro from this access point, we need to lock our wireless card on the same channel, that...

Revisiting WLAN frames


As this book deals with the security aspects of wireless, we will assume that you already have a basic understanding of the protocol and the packet headers. If not, or if it's been some time since you worked on wireless, this would be a good time to revisit this topic again.

Let's now quickly review some basic concepts of WLANs that most of you may already be aware of. In WLANs, communication happens over frames. A frame would have the following header structure:

The Frame Control field itself has a more complex structure:

The Type field defines three types of WLAN frame:

  1. Management frames: Management frames are responsible for maintaining communication between access points and wireless clients. Management frames can have the following subtypes:

    • Authentication

    • Deauthentication

    • Association request

    • Association response

    • Reassociation request

    • Reassociation response

    • Disassociation

    • Beacon

    • Probe request

    • Probe response

  2. Control frames: Control frames are responsible for ensuring a proper...

Time for action – creating a monitor mode interface


Let's now set our wireless adapter into monitor mode.

Follow these instructions to get started:

  1. Boot Kali with your adapter connected. Once you are within the console, enter iwconfig to confirm that your card has been detected and the driver has been loaded properly.

  2. Use the ifconfig wlan1 up command to bring the card up (where wlan1 is your adapter). Verify whether the card is up by running ifconfig wlan1. You should see the word UP in the second line of the output as shown in the following screenshot:

  3. To put our card into monitor mode, we will use the airmon-ng utility that is available by default on Kali. First run airmon-ng command to verify whether it detects the available cards. You should see the wlan0 interface listed in the output:

  4. Now enter airmon-ng start wlan1 command to create a monitor mode interface corresponding to the wlan0 device. This new monitor mode interface will be named mon0. (You can verify if it has been created by...

Time for action – sniffing wireless packets


Follow the following instructions to begin sniffing packets:

  1. Power up the Access Point Wireless Lab that we configured in Chapter 1, Wireless Lab Setup.

  2. Start Wireshark by typing Wireshark & in the console. Once Wireshark is running, navigate to Capture | Interfaces.

  3. Select packet capture from the mon0 interface by clicking on the Start button to the right of the mon0 interface as shown in the previous screenshot. Wireshark will begin the capture, and now you should see packets within the Wireshark window.

  4. These are wireless packets that your wireless adapter is sniffing off the air. In order to view any packet, select it in the top window and the entire packet will be displayed in the middle window.

    Click on the triangle in front of IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN management frame to expand and view additional information.

Look at the different header fields in the packet and correlate them with the WLAN frame types and sub-types you have learned earlier...

Time for action – viewing management, control, and data frames


Now we will learn how to apply filters in Wireshark to look at Management, Control and Data Frames.

Please follow the below instructions step by step:

  1. To view all the Management frames in the packets being captured, enter the filter wlan.fc.type == 0 into the filter window and click Apply. You can stop the packet capture if you want to prevent the packets from scrolling down too fast.

  2. To view Control Frames, modify the filter expression to read wlan.fc.type == 1.

  3. To view data frames, modify the filter expression to wlan.fc.type == 2.

  4. To additionally select a sub-type, use the wlan.fc.subtype filter. For example, to view all the Beacon frames among all Management frames, use the following filter:

    (wlan.fc.type == 0) && (wlan.fc.subtype == 8).
  5. Alternately, you can right-click on any of the header fields in the middle window and then select Apply as Filter | Selected to add it as a filter.

  6. This will automatically add the correct...

Time for action – sniffing data packets for our network


In this exercise, we will learn how to sniff data packets for a given wireless network. For the sake of simplicity, we will look at packets without any encryption.

Follow these instructions to get started:

  1. Switch on the access point we named Wireless Lab. Let it remain configured to use no encryption.

  2. We will first need to find the channel on which the Wireless Lab access point is running. To do this, open a terminal and run airodump-ng --bssid <mac> mon0 where <mac>, which is the MAC address of our access point. Let the program run, and shortly you should see your access point shown on the screen along with the channel it is running on.

  3. We can see from the preceding screenshot that our access point Wireless Lab is running on Channel 11. Note that this may be different for your access point.

    In order to sniff data packets going to and fro from this access point, we need to lock our wireless card on the same channel, that is channel...

Time for action – packet injection


We will be using the aireplay-ng tool, which is available in Kali, for this exercise.

Follow the instructions below carefully:

  1. In order to do an injection test, first start Wireshark and the filter expression (wlan.bssid == <mac>) && !(wlan.fc.type_subtype == 0x08). This will ensure that we only see non-beacon packets for our lab network.

  2. Now run the following command aireplay-ng -9 -e Wireless Lab -a <mac> mon0 on a terminal.

  3. Go back to Wireshark and you should see a lot of packets on the screen now. Some of these packets have been sent by aireplay-ng, which we launched, and others are from the access point Wireless Lab in response to the injected packets.

What just happened?

We just successfully injected packets into our test lab network using aireplay-ng. It is important to note that our card injected these arbitrary packets into the network without being actually connected to the access point Wireless Lab.

Have a go hero – installing...

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Description

If you are a security professional, pentester, or anyone interested in getting to grips with wireless penetration testing, this is the book for you. Some familiarity with Kali Linux and wireless concepts is beneficial.

What you will learn

  • Create a wireless lab for your experiments
  • Sniff out wireless packets and hidden networks
  • Capture and crack WPA2 keys
  • Discover hidden SSIDs
  • Explore the ins and outs of wireless technologies
  • Sniff probe requests and track users through SSID history
  • Attack radius authentication systems
  • Sniff wireless traffic and collect interesting data
  • Decrypt encrypted traffic with stolen keys
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Publication date : Mar 30, 2015
Length: 214 pages
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Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781783280414
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Table of Contents

12 Chapters
1. Wireless Lab Setup Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
2. WLAN and its Inherent Insecurities Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
3. Bypassing WLAN Authentication Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
4. WLAN Encryption Flaws Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
5. Attacks on the WLAN Infrastructure Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
6. Attacking the Client Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
7. Advanced WLAN Attacks Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
8. Attacking WPA-Enterprise and RADIUS Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
9. WLAN Penetration Testing Methodology Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
10. WPS and Probes Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
A. Pop Quiz Answers Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Index Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

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John Johnson Dec 06, 2015
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learning a lot from this book
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Excellent book , a must having book in your shelf if you are a Kali Linux user and interested in wireless penetration testing. I can crack any kind of WiFi security after reading this book and also this book changes the way of your's to see how hacking actually works that there's lots of way to hack or crack something , all depends on your brain. Must purchase this book.
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Pete Jan 17, 2017
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As always, Vivek doesn't disappoint. This is a great primer/resource for OSWP and covers pretty much everything you need to know at a high level, you'll probably want to do some additional research to fill in the gaps.
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Covers a lot of material and is pretty easy to follow.
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As with most cookbooks, this one is a great example of how to do things correctly. Anyone can install an OS and since it boots, we believe that is running the properly. After I started to read the book, I noticed that I did not do nearly enough to hide / protect myself. This book with get you going from start to finish with what to do and more importantly why we should do it. I did learn a lot with this book and I would recommend it to anyone wanting to start-up with KALI Linux and grasp an fuller understanding of it.I have always enjoyed Packt Publishing book and this one is also a hit !
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