Search icon CANCEL
Subscription
0
Cart icon
Your Cart (0 item)
Close icon
You have no products in your basket yet
Arrow left icon
Explore Products
Best Sellers
New Releases
Books
Videos
Audiobooks
Learning Hub
Free Learning
Arrow right icon
Machine Learning with R
Machine Learning with R

Machine Learning with R: R gives you access to the cutting-edge software you need to prepare data for machine learning. No previous knowledge required – this book will take you methodically through every stage of applying machine learning.

eBook
$24.99 $36.99
Paperback
$60.99
Subscription
Free Trial
Renews at $19.99p/m

What do you get with Print?

Product feature icon Instant access to your digital eBook copy whilst your Print order is Shipped
Product feature icon Paperback book shipped to your preferred address
Product feature icon Download this book in EPUB and PDF formats
Product feature icon Access this title in our online reader with advanced features
Product feature icon DRM FREE - Read whenever, wherever and however you want
OR
Modal Close icon
Payment Processing...
tick Completed

Shipping Address

Billing Address

Shipping Methods
Table of content icon View table of contents Preview book icon Preview Book

Machine Learning with R

Chapter 2. Managing and Understanding Data

A key early component of any machine learning project involves managing and understanding the data you have collected. Although you may not find it as gratifying as building and deploying models—the stages in which you begin to see the fruits of your labor—you cannot ignore the preparatory work.

Any learning algorithm is only as good as its input data, and in many cases, input data is complex, messy, and spread across multiple sources and formats. Because of this complexity, the largest portion of effort invested in machine learning projects is spent on the data preparation and exploration process.

This chapter is divided into three main sections. The first section discusses the basic data structures R uses to store data. You will become very familiar with these structures as you create and manipulate datasets. The second section is practical, as it covers several functions that are useful for getting data in and out of R. In the third section, methods...

R data structures


There are numerous types of data structures across programming languages, each with strengths and weaknesses specific to particular tasks. Since R is a programming language used widely for statistical data analysis, the data structures it utilizes are designed to make it easy to manipulate data for this type of work. The R data structures used most frequently in machine learning are vectors, factors, lists, arrays, and data frames. Each of these data types is specialized for a specific data management task, which makes it important to understand how they will interact in your R project.

Vectors


The fundamental R data structure is the vector, which stores an ordered set of values called elements. A vector can contain any number of elements. However, all the elements must be of the same type; for instance, a vector cannot contain both numbers and text.

There are several vector types commonly used in machine learning: integer (numbers without decimals), numeric (numbers with decimals), character (text data), or logical (TRUE or FALSE values). There are also two special values: NULL, which is used to indicate the absence of any value, and NA, which indicates a missing value.

It is tedious to enter large amounts of data manually, but simple vectors can be created by using the combine function c(). The vector can also be given a name using the arrow <- operator, which is R's assignment operator, used in a similar way to the = assignment operator in many other programming languages.

For example, let's construct a set of vectors containing data on three medical patients. We'll...

Factors


If you recall from Chapter 1, Introducing Machine Learning, features that represent a characteristic with categories of values are known as nominal. Although it is possible to use a character vector to store nominal data, R provides a data structure known as a factor specifically for this purpose. A factor is a special case of vector that is solely used for representing nominal variables. In the medical dataset we are building, we might use a factor to represent gender, because it uses two categories: MALE and FEMALE.

Why not use character vectors? An advantage of using factors is that they are generally more efficient than character vectors because the category labels are stored only once. Rather than storing MALE, MALE, FEMALE, the computer may store 1, 1, 2. This can save memory. Additionally, certain machine learning algorithms use special routines to handle categorical variables. Coding categorical variables as factors ensures that the model will treat this data appropriately...

Managing data with R


One of the challenges faced when working with massive datasets involves gathering, preparing, and otherwise managing data from a variety of sources. This task is facilitated by R's tools for loading data from many common formats.

Saving and loading R data structures

When you have spent a lot of time getting a particular data frame into the format that you want, you shouldn't need to recreate your work each time you restart your R session. To save a particular data structure to a file that can be reloaded later or transferred to another system, you can use the save() function. The save() function writes R data structures to the location specified by the file parameter. R data files have the file extension .RData.

If we had three objects named x, y, and z, we could save them to a file mydata.RData using the following command:

> save(x, y, z, file = "mydata.RData")

Regardless of whether x, y, and z are vectors, factors, lists, or data frames, they will be saved to the file...

Exploring and understanding data


After collecting data and loading it into R data structures, the next step in the machine learning process involves examining the data in detail. It is during this step that you will begin to explore the data's features and examples, and realize the peculiarities that make your data unique. The better you understand your data, the better you will be able to match a machine learning model to your learning problem.

The best way to understand the process of data exploration is by example. In this section, we will explore the usedcars.csv dataset, which contains actual data about used cars recently advertised for sale on a popular U.S. website.

Tip

The usedcars.csv dataset is available for download on Packt's website. If you are following along with the examples, be sure that this file has been downloaded and saved to your R working directory.

Since the dataset is stored in CSV form, we can use the read.csv() function to load the data into an R data frame:

usedcars...

Summary


In this chapter, we learned about the basics of managing data in R. We started by taking an in-depth look at the structures used for storing various types of data. The foundational R data structure is the vector, which is extended and combined into more complex data types such as lists and data frames. The data frame is an R data structure that corresponds to the notion of a dataset, having both features and examples.

We also learned about how to get data into R from a variety of sources. R provides functions for reading from and saving to CSV files; SQL databases can be queried with the RODBC package.

Finally, we applied these skills while exploring a real-world dataset containing data on used car prices. We examined numeric variables using common summary statistics of center and spread, and visualized relationships between prices and odometer readings with a scatterplot. We examined nominal variables using tables. In examining the used car data, we followed an exploratory process...

Left arrow icon Right arrow icon
Download code icon Download Code

Key benefits

  • Harness the power of R for statistical computing and data science
  • Use R to apply common machine learning algorithms with real-world applications
  • Prepare, examine, and visualize data for analysis
  • Understand how to choose between machine learning models
  • Packed with clear instructions to explore, forecast, and classify data

Description

Machine learning, at its core, is concerned with transforming data into actionable knowledge. This fact makes machine learning well-suited to the present-day era of "big data" and "data science". Given the growing prominence of R—a cross-platform, zero-cost statistical programming environment—there has never been a better time to start applying machine learning. Whether you are new to data science or a veteran, machine learning with R offers a powerful set of methods for quickly and easily gaining insight from your data. "Machine Learning with R" is a practical tutorial that uses hands-on examples to step through real-world application of machine learning. Without shying away from the technical details, we will explore Machine Learning with R using clear and practical examples. Well-suited to machine learning beginners or those with experience. Explore R to find the answer to all of your questions. How can we use machine learning to transform data into action? Using practical examples, we will explore how to prepare data for analysis, choose a machine learning method, and measure the success of the process. We will learn how to apply machine learning methods to a variety of common tasks including classification, prediction, forecasting, market basket analysis, and clustering. By applying the most effective machine learning methods to real-world problems, you will gain hands-on experience that will transform the way you think about data. "Machine Learning with R" will provide you with the analytical tools you need to quickly gain insight from complex data.

Who is this book for?

Intended for those who want to learn how to use R's machine learning capabilities and gain insight from your data. Perhaps you already know a bit about machine learning, but have never used R; or perhaps you know a little R but are new to machine learning. In either case, this book will get you up and running quickly. It would be helpful to have a bit of familiarity with basic programming concepts, but no prior experience is required.

What you will learn

  • Understand the basic terminology of machine learning and how to differentiate among various machine learning approaches
  • Use R to prepare data for machine learning
  • Explore and visualize data with R
  • Classify data using nearest neighbor methods
  • Learn about Bayesian methods for classifying data
  • Predict values using decision trees, rules, and support vector machines
  • Forecast numeric values using linear regression
  • Model data using neural networks
  • Find patterns in data using association rules for market basket analysis
  • Group data into clusters for segmentation
  • Evaluate and improve the performance of machine learning models
  • Learn specialized machine learning techniques for text mining, social network data, and ‚Äúbig‚Äù data
Estimated delivery fee Deliver to Russia

Economy delivery 10 - 13 business days

$6.95

Premium delivery 6 - 9 business days

$21.95
(Includes tracking information)

Product Details

Country selected
Publication date, Length, Edition, Language, ISBN-13
Publication date : Oct 25, 2013
Length: 396 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781782162148
Category :
Languages :

What do you get with Print?

Product feature icon Instant access to your digital eBook copy whilst your Print order is Shipped
Product feature icon Paperback book shipped to your preferred address
Product feature icon Download this book in EPUB and PDF formats
Product feature icon Access this title in our online reader with advanced features
Product feature icon DRM FREE - Read whenever, wherever and however you want
OR
Modal Close icon
Payment Processing...
tick Completed

Shipping Address

Billing Address

Shipping Methods
Estimated delivery fee Deliver to Russia

Economy delivery 10 - 13 business days

$6.95

Premium delivery 6 - 9 business days

$21.95
(Includes tracking information)

Product Details

Publication date : Oct 25, 2013
Length: 396 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781782162148
Category :
Languages :

Packt Subscriptions

See our plans and pricing
Modal Close icon
$19.99 billed monthly
Feature tick icon Unlimited access to Packt's library of 7,000+ practical books and videos
Feature tick icon Constantly refreshed with 50+ new titles a month
Feature tick icon Exclusive Early access to books as they're written
Feature tick icon Solve problems while you work with advanced search and reference features
Feature tick icon Offline reading on the mobile app
Feature tick icon Simple pricing, no contract
$199.99 billed annually
Feature tick icon Unlimited access to Packt's library of 7,000+ practical books and videos
Feature tick icon Constantly refreshed with 50+ new titles a month
Feature tick icon Exclusive Early access to books as they're written
Feature tick icon Solve problems while you work with advanced search and reference features
Feature tick icon Offline reading on the mobile app
Feature tick icon Choose a DRM-free eBook or Video every month to keep
Feature tick icon PLUS own as many other DRM-free eBooks or Videos as you like for just $5 each
Feature tick icon Exclusive print discounts
$279.99 billed in 18 months
Feature tick icon Unlimited access to Packt's library of 7,000+ practical books and videos
Feature tick icon Constantly refreshed with 50+ new titles a month
Feature tick icon Exclusive Early access to books as they're written
Feature tick icon Solve problems while you work with advanced search and reference features
Feature tick icon Offline reading on the mobile app
Feature tick icon Choose a DRM-free eBook or Video every month to keep
Feature tick icon PLUS own as many other DRM-free eBooks or Videos as you like for just $5 each
Feature tick icon Exclusive print discounts

Frequently bought together


Stars icon
Total $ 170.97
Practical Data Analysis
$54.99
Machine Learning with R
$60.99
Building Machine Learning Systems with Python
$54.99
Total $ 170.97 Stars icon
Banner background image

Table of Contents

12 Chapters
Introducing Machine Learning Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Managing and Understanding Data Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Lazy Learning – Classification Using Nearest Neighbors Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Probabilistic Learning – Classification Using Naive Bayes Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Divide and Conquer – Classification Using Decision Trees and Rules Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Forecasting Numeric Data – Regression Methods Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Black Box Methods – Neural Networks and Support Vector Machines Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Finding Patterns – Market Basket Analysis Using Association Rules Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Finding Groups of Data – Clustering with k-means Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Evaluating Model Performance Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Improving Model Performance Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Specialized Machine Learning Topics Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customer reviews

Top Reviews
Rating distribution
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Half star icon 4.4
(73 Ratings)
5 star 71.2%
4 star 17.8%
3 star 1.4%
2 star 2.7%
1 star 6.8%
Filter icon Filter
Top Reviews

Filter reviews by




Leif C. Ulstrup Nov 16, 2014
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
I have a large collection of books on programming, R, and machine learning and I am constantly looking for new material on state of the art practices related to data science. I think this is one of the best in terms of readability, straightforward and practical examples that demonstrate the key concepts in real-world terms, and up-to-date information about the use of advanced R packages for parallel processing and very large datasets. Unlike many other books on the subject, author Brett Lantz presents the material in a crisp and clear manner and does an excellent job integrating the machine learning concepts, underlying statistical foundations, R programming constructs, and practical examples. I think this will be a constant reference in my work. I look forward to future publications from this author and hope he has a blog or other means to keep up with his ideas and insights.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Leon Shernoff Jul 10, 2015
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
A well-designed book which is organized as a tour of different kinds of machine learning. The order in which the learners are treated is a little unusual, but it does a good job of bringing up the more abstract issues in a way that makes them easy to understand.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Amazon Customer Feb 16, 2016
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Really good application in R for beginners. You can get understand it even if you know nothing about ML or R language. But if you want to get more detailed information about the methods, like algorithms etc. This is not a good choice.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Kurt J. Aug 19, 2016
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
I really liked this book. Very well written and instructive. I had a decent knowledge of R and got A's in classes at college, but I learned more about it with this book. It taught me a good bit about the topic, all the things I really wanted to know that weren't covered in my statistics master's program. I took a week off work and covered it by spending about 2-4 hours a day. I feel like I added a skill. I'm ready to go back and see where I can apply supervised and unsupervised learning algorithms to my job.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
John L. Whiteman Sep 14, 2014
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
I would recommend this book for those who are new to machine learning and want to learn R. Each chapter starts with a core machine learning concept that Lantz presents in a very readable manner. The exercises that follow put these concepts into practice with just the right amount of R. I am currently enrolled in a machine learning course at a university. As students we could choose any language, so I decided to go with R. This book has helped me to feel good about my decision.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Get free access to Packt library with over 7500+ books and video courses for 7 days!
Start Free Trial

FAQs

What is the delivery time and cost of print book? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Shipping Details

USA:

'

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the US within 10-15 business days

Premium: Trackable Delivery to most addresses in the US within 3-8 business days

UK:

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 7-9 business days.
Shipments are not trackable

Premium: Trackable delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 3-4 business days!
Add one extra business day for deliveries to Northern Ireland and Scottish Highlands and islands

EU:

Premium: Trackable delivery to most EU destinations within 4-9 business days.

Australia:

Economy: Can deliver to P. O. Boxes and private residences.
Trackable service with delivery to addresses in Australia only.
Delivery time ranges from 7-9 business days for VIC and 8-10 business days for Interstate metro
Delivery time is up to 15 business days for remote areas of WA, NT & QLD.

Premium: Delivery to addresses in Australia only
Trackable delivery to most P. O. Boxes and private residences in Australia within 4-5 days based on the distance to a destination following dispatch.

India:

Premium: Delivery to most Indian addresses within 5-6 business days

Rest of the World:

Premium: Countries in the American continent: Trackable delivery to most countries within 4-7 business days

Asia:

Premium: Delivery to most Asian addresses within 5-9 business days

Disclaimer:
All orders received before 5 PM U.K time would start printing from the next business day. So the estimated delivery times start from the next day as well. Orders received after 5 PM U.K time (in our internal systems) on a business day or anytime on the weekend will begin printing the second to next business day. For example, an order placed at 11 AM today will begin printing tomorrow, whereas an order placed at 9 PM tonight will begin printing the day after tomorrow.


Unfortunately, due to several restrictions, we are unable to ship to the following countries:

  1. Afghanistan
  2. American Samoa
  3. Belarus
  4. Brunei Darussalam
  5. Central African Republic
  6. The Democratic Republic of Congo
  7. Eritrea
  8. Guinea-bissau
  9. Iran
  10. Lebanon
  11. Libiya Arab Jamahriya
  12. Somalia
  13. Sudan
  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela
What is custom duty/charge? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customs duty are charges levied on goods when they cross international borders. It is a tax that is imposed on imported goods. These duties are charged by special authorities and bodies created by local governments and are meant to protect local industries, economies, and businesses.

Do I have to pay customs charges for the print book order? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

The orders shipped to the countries that are listed under EU27 will not bear custom charges. They are paid by Packt as part of the order.

List of EU27 countries: www.gov.uk/eu-eea:

A custom duty or localized taxes may be applicable on the shipment and would be charged by the recipient country outside of the EU27 which should be paid by the customer and these duties are not included in the shipping charges been charged on the order.

How do I know my custom duty charges? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

The amount of duty payable varies greatly depending on the imported goods, the country of origin and several other factors like the total invoice amount or dimensions like weight, and other such criteria applicable in your country.

For example:

  • If you live in Mexico, and the declared value of your ordered items is over $ 50, for you to receive a package, you will have to pay additional import tax of 19% which will be $ 9.50 to the courier service.
  • Whereas if you live in Turkey, and the declared value of your ordered items is over € 22, for you to receive a package, you will have to pay additional import tax of 18% which will be € 3.96 to the courier service.
How can I cancel my order? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Cancellation Policy for Published Printed Books:

You can cancel any order within 1 hour of placing the order. Simply contact [email protected] with your order details or payment transaction id. If your order has already started the shipment process, we will do our best to stop it. However, if it is already on the way to you then when you receive it, you can contact us at [email protected] using the returns and refund process.

Please understand that Packt Publishing cannot provide refunds or cancel any order except for the cases described in our Return Policy (i.e. Packt Publishing agrees to replace your printed book because it arrives damaged or material defect in book), Packt Publishing will not accept returns.

What is your returns and refunds policy? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Return Policy:

We want you to be happy with your purchase from Packtpub.com. We will not hassle you with returning print books to us. If the print book you receive from us is incorrect, damaged, doesn't work or is unacceptably late, please contact Customer Relations Team on [email protected] with the order number and issue details as explained below:

  1. If you ordered (eBook, Video or Print Book) incorrectly or accidentally, please contact Customer Relations Team on [email protected] within one hour of placing the order and we will replace/refund you the item cost.
  2. Sadly, if your eBook or Video file is faulty or a fault occurs during the eBook or Video being made available to you, i.e. during download then you should contact Customer Relations Team within 14 days of purchase on [email protected] who will be able to resolve this issue for you.
  3. You will have a choice of replacement or refund of the problem items.(damaged, defective or incorrect)
  4. Once Customer Care Team confirms that you will be refunded, you should receive the refund within 10 to 12 working days.
  5. If you are only requesting a refund of one book from a multiple order, then we will refund you the appropriate single item.
  6. Where the items were shipped under a free shipping offer, there will be no shipping costs to refund.

On the off chance your printed book arrives damaged, with book material defect, contact our Customer Relation Team on [email protected] within 14 days of receipt of the book with appropriate evidence of damage and we will work with you to secure a replacement copy, if necessary. Please note that each printed book you order from us is individually made by Packt's professional book-printing partner which is on a print-on-demand basis.

What tax is charged? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Currently, no tax is charged on the purchase of any print book (subject to change based on the laws and regulations). A localized VAT fee is charged only to our European and UK customers on eBooks, Video and subscriptions that they buy. GST is charged to Indian customers for eBooks and video purchases.

What payment methods can I use? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

You can pay with the following card types:

  1. Visa Debit
  2. Visa Credit
  3. MasterCard
  4. PayPal
What is the delivery time and cost of print books? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Shipping Details

USA:

'

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the US within 10-15 business days

Premium: Trackable Delivery to most addresses in the US within 3-8 business days

UK:

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 7-9 business days.
Shipments are not trackable

Premium: Trackable delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 3-4 business days!
Add one extra business day for deliveries to Northern Ireland and Scottish Highlands and islands

EU:

Premium: Trackable delivery to most EU destinations within 4-9 business days.

Australia:

Economy: Can deliver to P. O. Boxes and private residences.
Trackable service with delivery to addresses in Australia only.
Delivery time ranges from 7-9 business days for VIC and 8-10 business days for Interstate metro
Delivery time is up to 15 business days for remote areas of WA, NT & QLD.

Premium: Delivery to addresses in Australia only
Trackable delivery to most P. O. Boxes and private residences in Australia within 4-5 days based on the distance to a destination following dispatch.

India:

Premium: Delivery to most Indian addresses within 5-6 business days

Rest of the World:

Premium: Countries in the American continent: Trackable delivery to most countries within 4-7 business days

Asia:

Premium: Delivery to most Asian addresses within 5-9 business days

Disclaimer:
All orders received before 5 PM U.K time would start printing from the next business day. So the estimated delivery times start from the next day as well. Orders received after 5 PM U.K time (in our internal systems) on a business day or anytime on the weekend will begin printing the second to next business day. For example, an order placed at 11 AM today will begin printing tomorrow, whereas an order placed at 9 PM tonight will begin printing the day after tomorrow.


Unfortunately, due to several restrictions, we are unable to ship to the following countries:

  1. Afghanistan
  2. American Samoa
  3. Belarus
  4. Brunei Darussalam
  5. Central African Republic
  6. The Democratic Republic of Congo
  7. Eritrea
  8. Guinea-bissau
  9. Iran
  10. Lebanon
  11. Libiya Arab Jamahriya
  12. Somalia
  13. Sudan
  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela