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Data Structures and Algorithms with the C++ STL
Data Structures and Algorithms with the C++ STL

Data Structures and Algorithms with the C++ STL: A guide for modern C++ practitioners

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Data Structures and Algorithms with the C++ STL

The Basics of std::vector

std::vector is a fundamental component of C++ programming. This chapter will explore std::vector as a dynamic array, discussing its utility in various programming contexts. By the end of the chapter, you should be adept at declaring, initializing, and manipulating vectors. These skills will enable you to utilize std::vector effectively in diverse applications. It will provide a solid foundation for understanding the broader set of data structures and algorithms of the Standard Template Library (STL).

In this chapter, we’re going to cover the following main topics:

  • The significance of std::vector
  • Declaring and initializing std::vector
  • Accessing elements
  • Adding and removing elements

Technical requirements

The significance of std::vector

In C++, std::vector is a frequently chosen data structure. While beginners might initially see parallels between it and the basic arrays in C, the advantages of std::vector become evident with deeper exploration. Additionally, a solid grasp of std::vector facilitates a smoother transition to understanding other components of STL.

Both vectors and arrays function as containers for collections of elements. The critical distinction between them lies in their flexibility and capabilities. Arrays are static in size, set at declaration time, and cannot be altered afterward.

In contrast, vectors are dynamic. They can expand or contract based on the operations performed on them. Unlike arrays, which commit to a fixed memory block upon declaration, vectors dynamically manage memory. They frequently allocate extra memory to anticipate future growth, optimizing efficiency and flexibility. While arrays offer simple index-based element access and modification...

Declaring and initializing std::vector

Having established the foundational knowledge of std::vector in C++ development, it’s time to delve into its practical applications—expressly, how to declare and initialize vectors.

The essence of std::vector lies in its dynamic nature. Unlike traditional arrays with fixed sizes, vectors can grow or shrink as necessary, making them a versatile tool for developers.

Declaring a vector

The performance of std::vector stems from its design, which combines the benefits of a contiguous memory layout (such as arrays) with the flexibility of dynamic resizing. It reserves memory to hold that many elements when initialized with a specified size. But if the vector fills up and more capacity is needed, it allocates a larger memory block, transfers the existing elements, and deallocates the old memory. This dynamic resizing process is optimized to reduce overhead, ensuring that vectors remain efficient. The fusion of contiguous storage...

Accessing elements

Having discussed the declaration and initialization of std::vector, our focus now shifts to accessing and manipulating the contained data. Multiple methods in C++ allow you to access vector elements with both speed and safety.

Random access

The subscript [] operator allows direct element access via indices, similar to arrays. In the following example, given a vector, the expression numbers[1] returns the value 20. However, using this operator doesn’t involve boundary checks. An index that is out of range, such as numbers[10], results in undefined behavior, leading to unpredictable outcomes.

This is shown in the following example:

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
int main() {
  std::vector<int> numbers = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
  const auto secondElement = numbers[1];
  std::cout << "The second element is: " << secondElement
        ...

Adding and removing elements

One of the advantages of std::vector over traditional arrays is its ability to resize dynamically. As applications evolve, so do data requirements; static data structures do not cut it. In this section, we will explore dynamic data management with std::vector, learning to seamlessly add to and remove from vectors while making sure we are staying safe.

Adding elements

Let’s start with adding elements. The push_back() member function is possibly the most straightforward way to add an element to the end of a vector. Suppose you have std::vector<int> scores; and wish to append a new score, say 95. You would simply invoke scores.push_back(95);, and voilà, your score is added.

Here’s a simple illustrative code example:

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
int main() {
  std::vector<int> scores;
  std::cout << "Initial size of scores: " << scores.size()
  ...

Summary

In this chapter, you have learned the foundational aspects of std::vector in C++ STL. The chapter began by explaining the significance of std::vector, highlighting its advantages over C-style arrays, particularly regarding memory management and ease of use. The chapter thoroughly compared C-style arrays and std::vector, demonstrating how std::vector facilitates dynamic size adjustment and safer memory operations.

Next, you were guided through the processes of declaring and initializing vectors. You learned how to declare std::vector and initialize these instances using different methods. The chapter then explored the myriad ways of accessing elements within std::vector, from random access to accessing the first and last elements, and underscored the importance of understanding vector size.

Further, the chapter delved into the intricacies of adding and removing elements. This section illuminated the best practices for modifying the contents of a vector, including when...

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Key benefits

  • Master the std::vector and understand why it should be your default container of choice
  • Understand each STL algorithm and its practical applications
  • Gain insights into advanced topics such as exception guarantees and thread safety
  • Purchase of the print or Kindle book includes a free PDF eBook

Description

While the Standard Template Library (STL) offers a rich set of tools for data structures and algorithms, navigating its intricacies can be daunting for intermediate C++ developers without expert guidance. This book offers a thorough exploration of the STL’s components, covering fundamental data structures, advanced algorithms, and concurrency features. Starting with an in-depth analysis of the std::vector, this book highlights its pivotal role in the STL, progressing toward building your proficiency in utilizing vectors, managing memory, and leveraging iterators. The book then advances to STL’s data structures, including sequence containers, associative containers, and unordered containers, simplifying the concepts of container adaptors and views to enhance your knowledge of modern STL programming. Shifting the focus to STL algorithms, you’ll get to grips with sorting, searching, and transformations and develop the skills to implement and modify algorithms with best practices. Advanced sections cover extending the STL with custom types and algorithms, as well as concurrency features, exception safety, and parallel algorithms. By the end of this book, you’ll have transformed into a proficient STL practitioner ready to tackle real-world challenges and build efficient and scalable C++ applications.

Who is this book for?

This book is for intermediate-level C++ developers looking to enhance their software development skills. Familiarity with basic C++ syntax and object-oriented programming (OOP) as well as some exposure to data structures and algorithms is assumed. Tailored to software engineers, computer science students, and hobbyist programmers, this book delves into C++ STL for practical application, performance enhancement, and efficient coding practices.

What you will learn

  • Streamline data handling using the std::vector
  • Master advanced usage of STL iterators
  • Optimize memory in STL containers
  • Implement custom STL allocators
  • Apply sorting and searching with STL algorithms
  • Craft STL-compatible custom types
  • Manage concurrency and ensure thread safety in STL
  • Harness the power of parallel algorithms in STL
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Publication date : Feb 29, 2024
Length: 458 pages
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Language : English
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Table of Contents

29 Chapters
Part 1: Mastering std::vector Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 1: The Basics of std::vector Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 2: Mastering Iterators with std::vector Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 3: Mastering Memory and Allocators with std::vector Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 4: Mastering Algorithms with std::vector Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 5: Making a Case for std::vector Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Part 2: Understanding STL Data Structures Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 6: Advanced Sequence Container Usage Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 7: Advanced Ordered Associative Container Usage Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 8: Advanced Unordered Associative Container Usage Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 9: Advanced Container Adaptor Usage Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 10: Advanced Container View Usage Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Part 3: Mastering STL Algorithms Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 11: Fundamental Algorithms and Searching Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 12: Manipulation and Transformation Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 13: Numeric and Range -Based Operations Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 14: Permutations, Partitions, and Heaps Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 15: STL with Ranges Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Part 4: Creating STL-Compatible Types and Algorithms Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 16: Creating STL-Types Containers Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 17: Creating STL -Compatible Algorithms Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 18: Type Traits and Policies Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Part 5: STL Data Structures and Algorithms: Under the Hood Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 19: Exception Safety Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 20: Thread Safety and Concurrency with the STL Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 21: STL Interaction with Concepts and Coroutines Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 22: Parallel Algorithms with the STL Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Index Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Other Books You May Enjoy Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customer reviews

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Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Half star icon 4.6
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Alexei Apr 22, 2024
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
I am a C++ Developer, Individual Code Contributor In the Aerospace Industry, and Deep Learning AI Enthusiast (`https://www.linkedin.com/in/alexei-kondratiev/`). I just finished reading the book and would like to share my feedback: 1. This is a light overview of the C++20 STL with straightforward C++ examples and suggestions. 2. I highly recommend this book for C++ beginners to get some understanding of the C++20 STL concepts. 3. For experienced C++20 developers, it can be used as a checklist to verify the completeness of the STL skillset.
Subscriber review Packt
N/A Apr 03, 2024
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
I learned creating custom iterator, and memory-allocator. This was difficult for me before reading this book. I am yet to read part-2 onwards. But I liked the book till now.
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Rick Good Mar 30, 2024
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
"Data Structures and Algorithms with the C++ STL" is an excellent book published by Packt for anyone wanting to get better at using C++ for complex coding tasks, like organizing data and solving tricky problems. I used this book to review my concepts and as a guide for new projects. It starts with easy topics and gradually moves on to more challenging ones, covering everything from essential vector use to creating tools that work well with C++. The book is neatly divided into five main parts, making it easy to follow. By the end, you'll revisit what you already know and feel more confident tackling new coding challenges using C++. It's a handy guide, especially if you're looking to enhance your skills in C++.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
SHARON Mar 05, 2024
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Did an excellent job of presenting C++ 23 data structures and algorithms. Great examples throughout! I would highly recommend!
Amazon Verified review Amazon
April Keene Mar 06, 2024
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Great book on vectors and coverage of C++ 23. Examples used well and in-depth discussions of best practices.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
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