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Quantum Computing in Practice with Qiskit® and IBM Quantum Experience®
Quantum Computing in Practice with Qiskit® and IBM Quantum Experience®

Quantum Computing in Practice with Qiskit® and IBM Quantum Experience®: Practical recipes for quantum computer coding at the gate and algorithm level with Python

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Quantum Computing in Practice with Qiskit® and IBM Quantum Experience®

Chapter 2: Quantum Computing and Qubits with Python

Quantum computing is a fairly new and fairly old field at the same time. The ideas and concepts used to achieve quantum computing (such as quantum mechanical superposition and entanglement) have been around for almost a century and the field of quantum information science was founded almost 40 years ago. Early explorers, such as Peter Shor and Lov Grover, produced quantum computing algorithms (Shor's algorithm and Grover's algorithm) that are now starting to become as well known as foundational physics concepts such as E=mc2. For details, see the references at the end of the chapter.

At the same time, real quantum computers that utilize these effects are a relatively recent invention. The requirements for building one were outlined by DiVincenzo in the 1990, and IBM opened up its IBM Quantum Experience® and Qiskit® in 2016, effectively the first time anyone outside of a research lab could start exploring this...

Technical requirements

The recipes that we discuss in this chapter can be found here: https://github.com/PacktPublishing/Quantum-Computing-in-Practice-with-Qiskit-and-IBM-Quantum-Experience/tree/master/Chapter02.

For more information about how to get the recipe sample code, refer to the Downloading the code samples section in Chapter 1, Preparing Your Environment.

Comparing a bit and a qubit

So, let's start with the obvious—or perhaps, not so obvious—notion that most people who read this book know what a bit is.

An intuitive feeling that we have says that a bit is something that is either zero (0) or one (1). By putting many bits together, you can create bytes as well as arbitrary large binary numbers, and with those, build the most amazing computer programs, encode digital images, encrypt your love letters and bank transactions, and more.

In a classical computer, a bit is realized by using low or high voltages over the transistors that make up the logic board, typically something such as 0 V and 5 V. In a hard drive, the bit might be a region magnetized in a certain way to represent 0 and the other way for 1, and so on.

In books about quantum computing, the important point to drive home is that a classical bit can only be a 0 or a 1; it can never be anything else. In the computer example, you can imagine a box with...

Visualizing a qubit in Python

In this recipe, we will use generic Python with NumPy to create a vector and visual representation of a bit and show how it can be in only two states, 0 and 1. We will also introduce our first, smallish foray into the Qiskit® world by showing how a qubit can not only be in the unique 0 and 1 states but also in a superposition of these states. The way to do this is to take the vector form of the qubit and project it on the so-called Bloch sphere, for which there is a Qiskit® method. Let's get to work!

In the preceding recipe, we defined our qubits with the help of two complex parameters—a and b. This meant that our qubits could take values other than the 0 and 1 of a classical bit. But it is hard to visualize a qubit halfway between 0 and 1, even if you know a and b.

However, with a little mathematical trickery, it turns out that you can also describe a qubit using two angles—theta () and phi ()—and visualize the...

A quick introduction to quantum gates

Now that we have sorted out the difference between bits and qubits, and have also understood how to visualize the qubit as a Bloch sphere, we know all that there is to know about qubits, correct? Well, not quite. A qubit, or for that matter, hundreds or thousands of qubits, is not the only thing you need to make a quantum computer! You need to perform logical operations on and with the qubits. For this, just like a classical computer, we need logical gates.

I will not go into any great detail on how logical gates work, but suffice to say that a quantum gate, operates on the input of one or more qubits and outputs a result.

In this recipe, we will work our way through the mathematical interpretation of few quantum gates by using matrix multiplication of single- and multi-qubit gates. Don't worry, we will not dig deep, just a little to scratch the surface. You will find a deeper look quantum gates in Chapter 6, Understanding the Qiskit...

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Key benefits

  • Work your way up from writing a simple quantum program to programming complex quantum algorithms
  • Explore the probabilistic nature of qubits by performing quantum coin tosses and using random number generators
  • Delve into quantum algorithms and their practical applications in various domains

Description

IBM Quantum Experience® is a leading platform for programming quantum computers and implementing quantum solutions directly on the cloud. This book will help you get up to speed with programming quantum computers and provide solutions to the most common problems and challenges. You’ll start with a high-level overview of IBM Quantum Experience® and Qiskit®, where you will perform the installation while writing some basic quantum programs. This introduction puts less emphasis on the theoretical framework and more emphasis on recent developments such as Shor’s algorithm and Grover’s algorithm. Next, you’ll delve into Qiskit®, a quantum information science toolkit, and its constituent packages such as Terra, Aer, Ignis, and Aqua. You’ll cover these packages in detail, exploring their benefits and use cases. Later, you’ll discover various quantum gates that Qiskit® offers and even deconstruct a quantum program with their help, before going on to compare Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) and Universal Fault-Tolerant quantum computing using simulators and actual hardware. Finally, you’ll explore quantum algorithms and understand how they differ from classical algorithms, along with learning how to use pre-packaged algorithms in Qiskit® Aqua. By the end of this quantum computing book, you’ll be able to build and execute your own quantum programs using IBM Quantum Experience® and Qiskit® with Python.

Who is this book for?

This book is for developers, data scientists, machine learning researchers, or quantum computing enthusiasts who want to understand how to use IBM Quantum Experience® and Qiskit® to implement quantum solutions and gain practical quantum computing experience. Python programming experience is a must to grasp the concepts covered in the book more effectively. Basic knowledge of quantum computing will also be beneficial.

What you will learn

  • Visualize a qubit in Python and understand the concept of superposition
  • Install a local Qiskit® simulator and connect to actual quantum hardware
  • Compose quantum programs at the level of circuits using Qiskit® Terra
  • Compare and contrast Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum computing (NISQ) and Universal Fault-Tolerant quantum computing using simulators and IBM Quantum® hardware
  • Mitigate noise in quantum circuits and systems using Qiskit® Ignis
  • Understand the difference between classical and quantum algorithms by implementing Grover's algorithm in Qiskit®
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Table of Contents

11 Chapters
Chapter 1: Preparing Your Environment Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 2: Quantum Computing and Qubits with Python Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 3: IBM Quantum Experience® – Quantum Drag and Drop Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 4: Starting at the Ground Level with Terra Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 5: Touring the IBM Quantum® Hardware with Qiskit® Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 6: Understanding the Qiskit® Gate Library Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 7: Simulating Quantum Computers with Aer Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 8: Cleaning Up Your Quantum Act with Ignis Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 9: Grover's Search Algorithm Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 10: Getting to Know Algorithms with Aqua Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Other Books You May Enjoy Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

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N/A Feb 13, 2024
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Libro interessante per chi lavora con quell'ambiente. E' una sorta di coltellino svizzero per trovare subito le informazioni che ti servono.
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Blaine Bateman Feb 12, 2021
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If you are into programming, math, or solving hard analytics problems you might know about Quantum Computing. It's been moving along and promises to change the future of computing, cryptography, search methods, and many other math-driven enterprises. However, it's not there yet, and you can't go to Best Buy and pick up a Quantum Notebook to learn with. This book is your key to learning Quantum Computing before it becomes mainstream. IBM has made several actual Quantum Computing systems available online for free, and this book tells you how to use them. The author Hassi Norlen makes this about as straightforward as, say, learning Excel.Topics covered include the Qiskit programming system which makes everything available via Python and gives you lots of access to the IBM Quantum Experience. Topics like Pauli notation, Superposition, Transpiling, and the names of a dozen or so Quantum Gates will roll off your tongue once you finish this book! In addition to the basics, you will learn about IBM's QASM and Aer quantum computer simulators, which among other things can be used to "debug" your Quantum circuits before you try them on real backends. You also learn about Qiskit Ignis, which can apply corrections to Quantum readout (as today's Quantum Computers are noisy), Grover's Search Algorithm (a Quantum algorithm), and how to import methods (including Grover's algorithm) into Python using Aqua.This book is a huge service to the community. Keep in mind if you have 0 linear algebra background, no Python experience, and don't like basic math notation, this book may be a struggle but you can still work through it. On the other hand, if you have a comfort level in those things, you will breeze through this and wonder why you weren't Quantum coding before.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Yahya Jan 27, 2021
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I really like this book although, I have not finished reading it yet and am bout halfway though. This book is very clear, great and helpful for everyone to learn about quantum computing and build hands-on skills using Qiskit and IBM Q. A little background in quantum computing will be helpful but this book takes you step by step through basic quantum programs and circuit schematics to inspect in detail fundamental concepts in quantum mechanics such as superposition, quantum entanglement and etc.In summary, this book would be a valuable reference for someone who is in the field of quantum computing, or even starting in the field. It is very comprehensive, up-to-date, and the varied information is covered.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Amazon Customer Feb 09, 2021
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I really like this book for a variety of different reasons: it is thorough, accurate, and easily comprehensible. As a quantum engineer, we get questions all the time about how to better use and understand the software and I will point them now to this book.The chapters are very well organized and include all the important snipbits of code from Qiskit. I also like that this book can be used as a learning tool from the group up as well as a quick reference.It might not be the best tool for those looking to understand deep quantum theory or are coming from an experimentalist background, but for those who are developers and computer scientists, this up-to-date guide is ideal.
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Sathyaprakash Palaniyappan Jun 15, 2022
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A complete reference book providing specific information or instruction about Qiskit and itQiskit fundamentals explained in simple way and This book will be useful for Intermediate level and Advanced level
Amazon Verified review Amazon
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