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Home > Data > Data Processing > Learning Apache Apex
Learning Apache Apex
Learning Apache Apex

Learning Apache Apex: Real-time streaming applications with Apex

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Learning Apache Apex

Getting Started with Application Development

The previous chapter introduced concepts, use cases, and application model. This chapter will be about application development and guide the reader through the process of building and running their first application. The examples will be simple; more comprehensive applications will be covered in subsequent chapters.

In this chapter we will cover the following topics:

  • Development process and methodology
  • Setting up the development environment
  • Creating a new Maven project
  • Custom operator development
  • Testing within the IDE
  • Running application on the cluster

Development process and methodology

Development of an Apex application starts with mapping the functional specification to operators (smaller functional building blocks), which can then be composed into a DAG to collectively provide the functionality required for the use case.

This involves identifying the data sources, formats, transformations and sinks for the application, and finding matching operators from the Apex library (which will be covered in the next chapter). In most cases, the required connectors will be available from the library that support frequent sources, such as files and Kafka, along with many other external systems that are part of the Apache Big Data ecosystem.

With the comprehensive operator library and set of examples to cover frequently used I/O cases and transformations, it is often possible to assemble a preliminary end-to-end flow that covers a subset...

Setting up the development environment

Development of Apex applications requires a Java development environment with the following:

  • Java Development Kit (JDK): Apex applications are mostly written in Java, and Apex itself is implemented in Java. Other Java Virtual Machine (JVM) languages such as Scala can also be used, but this is outside the scope of this book.
  • Maven: Apex comes with a Maven Archetype to bootstrap new projects and the Apex project itself also uses Maven as build tool.

In addition to the above, it is recommended to have an IDE with Maven support such as IntelliJ or Eclipse. Apex provides code style settings for these IDEs that can optionally be used.

It is further recommended to have Git installed. Git is not required to build an application, but it is a convenient way to fetch the Apex source code and is especially useful for easily navigating the full operator...

Creating a new Maven project

Apex applications are packaged in a special ZIP file format that contains everything needed for an application to be launched on a cluster (dependency jars, configuration files, and so on). It is roughly comparable to the uber jar approach that some other frameworks employ, with the difference that dependencies in the Apex package remain as individual JAR files, rather than being flattened into a standard JAR.

More information about Apex application packages can be found at http://apex.apache.org/docs/apex/application_packages/#apache-apex-packages.

It would be a rather involved task to set up a new Maven project from scratch. The Apex application archetype simplifies the process of creating an application skeleton for the expected artifact structure. Here is an example of the Maven command to create an Apex application archetype:

mvn archetype:generate...

Application specifications

Let's start by transforming this placeholder application into an application that counts words – the Hello World equivalent for big data processing frameworks. The functionality is easy to understand and not very important, as our focus here is on the development process.

The full source code of the modified application is available at https://github.com/tweise/apex-samples/tree/master/wordcount. Here is the modified application assembly in Application.java:

@Override
   public void populateDAG(DAG dag, Configuration conf)
   {
    LineByLineFileInputOperator lineReader = dag.addOperator("input",
         new LineByLineFileInputOperator());
     LineSplitter parser = dag.addOperator("parser", new LineSplitter());
     UniqueCounter counter = dag.addOperator("counter", new UniqueCounter());
     GenericFileOutputOperator...

Custom operator development

As our example application has the LineSplitter operator, which is not part of the Apex library, we will use it as an example to illustrate the process of developing a custom operator.

Splitting a line into words is, of course, a simple stateless operation. Connectors and stateful transformations will be more involved, and there are many examples in the Apex library to look at for this.

Here is the line splitter:

public class LineSplitter extends BaseOperator 
{ 
  // default pattern for word-separators 
  private static final Pattern nonWordDefault =    Pattern.compile
    ("[\\p{Punct}\\s]+"); 
 
  private String nonWordStr;              // configurable regex 
  private transient Pattern nonWord;      // compiled regex 
 
  /** 
   * Output port on which words from the current file are emitted 
   */ 
  public final transient DefaultOutputPort...

Development process and methodology

Development of an Apex application starts with mapping the functional specification to operators (smaller functional building blocks), which can then be composed into a DAG to collectively provide the functionality required for the use case.

This involves identifying the data sources, formats, transformations and sinks for the application, and finding matching operators from the Apex library (which will be covered in the next chapter). In most cases, the required connectors will be available from the library that support frequent sources, such as files and Kafka, along with many other external systems that are part of the Apache Big Data ecosystem.

With the comprehensive operator library and set of examples to cover frequently used I/O cases and transformations, it is often possible to assemble a preliminary end-to-end flow that covers a subset of the functionality quickly, before building out the complete business logic in detail.

Note

Examples that show...

Setting up the development environment

Development of Apex applications requires a Java development environment with the following:

  • Java Development Kit (JDK): Apex applications are mostly written in Java, and Apex itself is implemented in Java. Other Java Virtual Machine (JVM) languages such as Scala can also be used, but this is outside the scope of this book.
  • Maven: Apex comes with a Maven Archetype to bootstrap new projects and the Apex project itself also uses Maven as build tool.

In addition to the above, it is recommended to have an IDE with Maven support such as IntelliJ or Eclipse. Apex provides code style settings for these IDEs that can optionally be used.

It is further recommended to have Git installed. Git is not required to build an application, but it is a convenient way to fetch the Apex source code and is especially useful for easily navigating the full operator library (apex-malhar) project within the IDE when working on operator customizations.

Note

For the latest details on...

Creating a new Maven project

Apex applications are packaged in a special ZIP file format that contains everything needed for an application to be launched on a cluster (dependency jars, configuration files, and so on). It is roughly comparable to the uber jar approach that some other frameworks employ, with the difference that dependencies in the Apex package remain as individual JAR files, rather than being flattened into a standard JAR.

Note

More information about Apex application packages can be found at http://apex.apache.org/docs/apex/application_packages/#apache-apex-packages.

It would be a rather involved task to set up a new Maven project from scratch. The Apex application archetype simplifies the process of creating an application skeleton for the expected artifact structure. Here is an example of the Maven command to create an Apex application archetype:

mvn archetype:generate \
  -DarchetypeGroupId=org.apache.apex \
  -DarchetypeArtifactId=apex-app-archetype -DarchetypeVersion=RELEASE...

Application specifications

Let's start by transforming this placeholder application into an application that counts words – the Hello World equivalent for big data processing frameworks. The functionality is easy to understand and not very important, as our focus here is on the development process.

The full source code of the modified application is available at https://github.com/tweise/apex-samples/tree/master/wordcount. Here is the modified application assembly in Application.java:

@Override
   public void populateDAG(DAG dag, Configuration conf)
   {
    LineByLineFileInputOperator lineReader = dag.addOperator("input",
         new LineByLineFileInputOperator());
     LineSplitter parser = dag.addOperator("parser", new LineSplitter());
     UniqueCounter counter = dag.addOperator("counter", new UniqueCounter());
     GenericFileOutputOperator<Object> output = dag.addOperator("output",
         new GenericFileOutputOperator<>());
     output.setConverter(new ToStringConverter...

Custom operator development

As our example application has the LineSplitter operator, which is not part of the Apex library, we will use it as an example to illustrate the process of developing a custom operator.

Splitting a line into words is, of course, a simple stateless operation. Connectors and stateful transformations will be more involved, and there are many examples in the Apex library to look at for this.

Here is the line splitter:

public class LineSplitter extends BaseOperator 
{ 
  // default pattern for word-separators 
  private static final Pattern nonWordDefault =    Pattern.compile
    ("[\\p{Punct}\\s]+"); 
 
  private String nonWordStr;              // configurable regex 
  private transient Pattern nonWord;      // compiled regex 
 
  /** 
   * Output port on which words from the current file are emitted 
   */ 
  public final transient DefaultOutputPort<String> output = new 
    DefaultOutputPort<>(); 
 
  /** 
   * Input port on which lines from the current...
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Key benefits

  • Get a clear, practical approach to real-time data processing
  • Program Apache Apex streaming applications
  • This book shows you Apex integration with the open source Big Data ecosystem

Description

Apache Apex is a next-generation stream processing framework designed to operate on data at large scale, with minimum latency, maximum reliability, and strict correctness guarantees. Half of the book consists of Apex applications, showing you key aspects of data processing pipelines such as connectors for sources and sinks, and common data transformations. The other half of the book is evenly split into explaining the Apex framework, and tuning, testing, and scaling Apex applications. Much of our economic world depends on growing streams of data, such as social media feeds, financial records, data from mobile devices, sensors and machines (the Internet of Things - IoT). The projects in the book show how to process such streams to gain valuable, timely, and actionable insights. Traditional use cases, such as ETL, that currently consume a significant chunk of data engineering resources are also covered. The final chapter shows you future possibilities emerging in the streaming space, and how Apache Apex can contribute to it.

Who is this book for?

This book assumes knowledge of application development with Java and familiarity with distributed systems. Familiarity with other real-time streaming frameworks is not required, but some practical experience with other big data processing utilities might be helpful.

What you will learn

  • • Put together a functioning Apex application from scratch
  • • Scale an Apex application and configure it for optimal performance
  • • Understand how to deal with failures via the fault tolerance features of the platform
  • • Use Apex via other frameworks such as Beam
  • • Understand the DevOps implications of deploying Apex
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Publication date : Nov 30, 2017
Length: 290 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781788296403
Vendor :
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Category :
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Languages :
Apex
Concepts :
Data Processing
Tools :
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Publication date : Nov 30, 2017
Length: 290 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781788296403
Vendor :
Apache
Category :
Data
Languages :
Apex
Concepts :
Data Processing
Tools :
Apache Apex

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Table of Contents

10 Chapters
Introduction to Apex Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Introduction to Apex
Unbounded data and continuous processing
Use cases and case studies
Application Model and API
Value proposition of Apex
Summary
Getting Started with Application Development Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Getting Started with Application Development
Development process and methodology
Setting up the development environment
Creating a new Maven project
Application specifications
Custom operator development
Application configuration
Testing in the IDE
Running the application on YARN
Working on the cluster
Summary
The Apex Library Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
The Apex Library
An overview of the library
Integrations
Transformations
Summary
Scalability, Low Latency, and Performance Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Scalability, Low Latency, and Performance
Partitioning and how it works
Elasticity
Partitioning toolkit
Custom dynamic partitioning
Performance optimizations
Low-latency versus throughput
Sample application for dynamic partitioning
Performance – other aspects for custom operators
Summary
Fault Tolerance and Reliability Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Fault Tolerance and Reliability
Distributed systems need to be resilient
Fault-tolerance components and mechanism in Apex
Checkpointing
Processing guarantees
Summary
Example Project – Real-Time Aggregation and Visualization Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Example Project – Real-Time Aggregation and Visualization
Streaming ETL and beyond
The application pattern in a real-world use case
Analyzing Twitter feed
Running the application
The Pub/Sub server
Grafana visualization
Summary
Example Project – Real-Time Ride Service Data Processing Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Example Project – Real-Time Ride Service Data Processing
The goal
Datasource
The pipeline
Simulation of a real-time feed using historical data
Parsing the data
Looking up of the zip code and preparing for the windowing operation
Windowed operator configuration
Serving the data with WebSocket
Running the application
Running the application on GCP Dataproc
Summary
Example Project – ETL Using SQL Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Example Project – ETL Using SQL
The application pipeline
Building and running the application
Application configuration
The application code
Partitioning
Application testing
Understanding application logs
Calcite integration
Summary
Introduction to Apache Beam Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Introduction to Apache Beam
Introduction to Apache Beam
Beam concepts
WordCount in Apache Beam
Running Apache Beam WordCount on Apache Apex
Summary
The Future of Stream Processing Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
The Future of Stream Processing
Lower barrier for building streaming pipelines
Summary

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Customer reviews

Rating distribution
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
(1 Ratings)
5 star 100%
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H. kropp Dec 19, 2017
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Working in the field of stream data processing myself I was really impressed how well this book in general describes the current development. On the other hand I was impressed by the maturity and features Apache Apex provides.With quite a lot of examples the book provides the reader with a good starting ground for his or her own learnings and development with Apache Apex.This book is truly an example-driven guide, which I really enjoyed reading.
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About the 5 authors

Left arrow icon
Profile icon David Yan
David Yan
David Yan is based in the Silicon Valley, California. He is a senior software engineer at Google. Prior to Google, he worked at DataTorrent, Yahoo!, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. David holds a master of science in Computer Science from Stanford University and a bachelor of science in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science from the University of California at Berkeley
Read more
See other products by David Yan
Profile icon Munagala V. Ramanath
Munagala V. Ramanath
Dr. Munagala V. Ramanath got his PhD in Computer Science from the University of Wisconsin, USA and an MSc in Mathematics from Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada. After that, he taught Computer Science courses as Assistant/Associate Professor at the University of Western Ontario in Canada for a few years, before transitioning to the corporate sphere. Since then, he has worked as a senior software engineer at a number of technology companies in California including SeeBeyond, EMC, Sun Microsystems, DataTorrent, and Cloudera. He has published papers in peer reviewed journals in several areas including code optimization, graph theory, and image processing.
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Profile icon Thomas Weise
Thomas Weise
Thomas Weise is the Apache Apex PMC Chair and cofounder at Atrato. Earlier, he worked at a number of other technology companies in the San Francisco Bay Area, including DataTorrent, where he was a cofounder of the Apex project. Thomas is also a committer to Apache Beam and has contributed to several more of the ecosystem projects. He has been working on distributed systems for 20 years and has been a speaker at international big data conferences. Thomas received the degree of Diplom-Informatiker (MSc in computer science) from TU Dresden, Germany. He can be reached on Twitter at: @thweise.
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Profile icon Gundabattula
Gundabattula
Ananth is a senior application architect in the Decisioning and Advanced Analytics architecture team for Commonwealth Bank of Australia. Ananth holds a Ph.D degree in the domain of computer science security and is interested in all things data including low latency distributed processing systems, machine learning and data engineering domains. He holds 3 patents granted by USPTO and has one application pending. Prior to joining to CBA, he was an architect at Threatmetrix and the member of the core team that scaled Threatmetrix architecture to 100 million transactions per day that runs at very low latencies using Cassandra, Zookeeper and Kafka. He also migrated Threatmetrix data warehouse into the next generation architecture based on Hadoop and Impala. Prior to Threatmetrix, he worked for the IBM software labs and IBM CIO labs enabling some of the first IBM CIO projects onboarding HBase, Hadoop and Mahout stack. Ananth is a committer for Apache Apex and is currently working for the next generation architectures for CBA fraud platform and Advanced Analytics Omnia platform at CBA.
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Profile icon Kenneth Knowles
Kenneth Knowles
Kenneth Knowles is a founding PMC member of Apache Beam. Kenn has been working on Google Cloud Dataflow—Google's Beam backend—since 2014. Prior to that, he built backends for startups such as Cityspan, Inkling, and Dimagi. Kenn holds a PhD in Programming Language Theory from the University of California, Santa Cruz.
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EU:

Premium: Trackable delivery to most EU destinations within 4-9 business days.

Australia:

Economy: Can deliver to P. O. Boxes and private residences.
Trackable service with delivery to addresses in Australia only.
Delivery time ranges from 7-9 business days for VIC and 8-10 business days for Interstate metro
Delivery time is up to 15 business days for remote areas of WA, NT & QLD.

Premium: Delivery to addresses in Australia only
Trackable delivery to most P. O. Boxes and private residences in Australia within 4-5 days based on the distance to a destination following dispatch.

India:

Premium: Delivery to most Indian addresses within 5-6 business days

Rest of the World:

Premium: Countries in the American continent: Trackable delivery to most countries within 4-7 business days

Asia:

Premium: Delivery to most Asian addresses within 5-9 business days

Disclaimer:
All orders received before 5 PM U.K time would start printing from the next business day. So the estimated delivery times start from the next day as well. Orders received after 5 PM U.K time (in our internal systems) on a business day or anytime on the weekend will begin printing the second to next business day. For example, an order placed at 11 AM today will begin printing tomorrow, whereas an order placed at 9 PM tonight will begin printing the day after tomorrow.


Unfortunately, due to several restrictions, we are unable to ship to the following countries:

  1. Afghanistan
  2. American Samoa
  3. Belarus
  4. Brunei Darussalam
  5. Central African Republic
  6. The Democratic Republic of Congo
  7. Eritrea
  8. Guinea-bissau
  9. Iran
  10. Lebanon
  11. Libiya Arab Jamahriya
  12. Somalia
  13. Sudan
  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela
What is custom duty/charge? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customs duty are charges levied on goods when they cross international borders. It is a tax that is imposed on imported goods. These duties are charged by special authorities and bodies created by local governments and are meant to protect local industries, economies, and businesses.

Do I have to pay customs charges for the print book order? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

The orders shipped to the countries that are listed under EU27 will not bear custom charges. They are paid by Packt as part of the order.

List of EU27 countries: www.gov.uk/eu-eea:

A custom duty or localized taxes may be applicable on the shipment and would be charged by the recipient country outside of the EU27 which should be paid by the customer and these duties are not included in the shipping charges been charged on the order.

How do I know my custom duty charges? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

The amount of duty payable varies greatly depending on the imported goods, the country of origin and several other factors like the total invoice amount or dimensions like weight, and other such criteria applicable in your country.

For example:

  • If you live in Mexico, and the declared value of your ordered items is over $ 50, for you to receive a package, you will have to pay additional import tax of 19% which will be $ 9.50 to the courier service.
  • Whereas if you live in Turkey, and the declared value of your ordered items is over € 22, for you to receive a package, you will have to pay additional import tax of 18% which will be € 3.96 to the courier service.
How can I cancel my order? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Cancellation Policy for Published Printed Books:

You can cancel any order within 1 hour of placing the order. Simply contact [email protected] with your order details or payment transaction id. If your order has already started the shipment process, we will do our best to stop it. However, if it is already on the way to you then when you receive it, you can contact us at [email protected] using the returns and refund process.

Please understand that Packt Publishing cannot provide refunds or cancel any order except for the cases described in our Return Policy (i.e. Packt Publishing agrees to replace your printed book because it arrives damaged or material defect in book), Packt Publishing will not accept returns.

What is your returns and refunds policy? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Return Policy:

We want you to be happy with your purchase from Packtpub.com. We will not hassle you with returning print books to us. If the print book you receive from us is incorrect, damaged, doesn't work or is unacceptably late, please contact Customer Relations Team on [email protected] with the order number and issue details as explained below:

  1. If you ordered (eBook, Video or Print Book) incorrectly or accidentally, please contact Customer Relations Team on [email protected] within one hour of placing the order and we will replace/refund you the item cost.
  2. Sadly, if your eBook or Video file is faulty or a fault occurs during the eBook or Video being made available to you, i.e. during download then you should contact Customer Relations Team within 14 days of purchase on [email protected] who will be able to resolve this issue for you.
  3. You will have a choice of replacement or refund of the problem items.(damaged, defective or incorrect)
  4. Once Customer Care Team confirms that you will be refunded, you should receive the refund within 10 to 12 working days.
  5. If you are only requesting a refund of one book from a multiple order, then we will refund you the appropriate single item.
  6. Where the items were shipped under a free shipping offer, there will be no shipping costs to refund.

On the off chance your printed book arrives damaged, with book material defect, contact our Customer Relation Team on [email protected] within 14 days of receipt of the book with appropriate evidence of damage and we will work with you to secure a replacement copy, if necessary. Please note that each printed book you order from us is individually made by Packt's professional book-printing partner which is on a print-on-demand basis.

What tax is charged? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Currently, no tax is charged on the purchase of any print book (subject to change based on the laws and regulations). A localized VAT fee is charged only to our European and UK customers on eBooks, Video and subscriptions that they buy. GST is charged to Indian customers for eBooks and video purchases.

What payment methods can I use? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

You can pay with the following card types:

  1. Visa Debit
  2. Visa Credit
  3. MasterCard
  4. PayPal
What is the delivery time and cost of print books? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Shipping Details

USA:

'

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the US within 10-15 business days

Premium: Trackable Delivery to most addresses in the US within 3-8 business days

UK:

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 7-9 business days.
Shipments are not trackable

Premium: Trackable delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 3-4 business days!
Add one extra business day for deliveries to Northern Ireland and Scottish Highlands and islands

EU:

Premium: Trackable delivery to most EU destinations within 4-9 business days.

Australia:

Economy: Can deliver to P. O. Boxes and private residences.
Trackable service with delivery to addresses in Australia only.
Delivery time ranges from 7-9 business days for VIC and 8-10 business days for Interstate metro
Delivery time is up to 15 business days for remote areas of WA, NT & QLD.

Premium: Delivery to addresses in Australia only
Trackable delivery to most P. O. Boxes and private residences in Australia within 4-5 days based on the distance to a destination following dispatch.

India:

Premium: Delivery to most Indian addresses within 5-6 business days

Rest of the World:

Premium: Countries in the American continent: Trackable delivery to most countries within 4-7 business days

Asia:

Premium: Delivery to most Asian addresses within 5-9 business days

Disclaimer:
All orders received before 5 PM U.K time would start printing from the next business day. So the estimated delivery times start from the next day as well. Orders received after 5 PM U.K time (in our internal systems) on a business day or anytime on the weekend will begin printing the second to next business day. For example, an order placed at 11 AM today will begin printing tomorrow, whereas an order placed at 9 PM tonight will begin printing the day after tomorrow.


Unfortunately, due to several restrictions, we are unable to ship to the following countries:

  1. Afghanistan
  2. American Samoa
  3. Belarus
  4. Brunei Darussalam
  5. Central African Republic
  6. The Democratic Republic of Congo
  7. Eritrea
  8. Guinea-bissau
  9. Iran
  10. Lebanon
  11. Libiya Arab Jamahriya
  12. Somalia
  13. Sudan
  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela